Black Spring (Kabylie)
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The Black Spring (Kabyle: Tafsut taberkant) was a series of violent disturbances and political demonstrations by Berber activists in the Kabylie region of Algeria in 2001, which were met by repressive police measures, and became a potent symbol of Kabyle discontent with the national government. The protests took place against a backdrop of long-standing cultural marginalization of the Highlander Kabyles, a Berber ethnic minority in Algeria (Berbers form some 25% of the total population, although exact numbers are disputed) even if the most rigid Arabization measures of the 1960s through 80s had been lifted. The name "Black Spring" alludes to the events known as the Berber Spring of the 1980s, in which mainly Kabyle civil society activists challenged the ban on Berber culture then in place, demanding cultural rights and democracy.
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[edit] The events
In 2001, a young Kabyle student, Guermah Massinissa, was arrested by Algerian gendarmes and later died inside the gendarmerie. This provoked large-scale riots in the Kabylie region, that lasted for months.
President Abdelaziz Bouteflika's government claimed that the real name of Massinissa was in fact Karim and that he was a jobless criminal aged 26. Several months after these statements, the government admitted that his real name was in fact Massinissa (after the historical Berber figure), and that he was an innocent high school student. The Minister of the Interior Yazid Zerhouni said that he "was badly informed". No apologies were given to the victim, however, and the riots did not stop. Bouteflika's government maintained that the Kabyles were being "manipulated by a foreign hand".
A march that brought many tens of thousands of Kabyles into the capital, Algiers, was organized by the Arouch movement, which along with the autonomist MAK sprang from the civil activism surrounding the disturbances. The demonstration was followed by confrontations between the local population of Algiers and the demonstrating Kabyles. The police sided with the "Algérois" and state television thanked "les Algérois for having defended their town from the invaders"[citation needed]. Since then, public marches in Algiers are prohibited.
[edit] Victims
As of April 2001 (few days after the beginning of the black spring) there were 43 young kabyles killed. As of July 2001, there were 267 young kabyles shot by bullets, of which 50 died (18,7 %). The issad commission note that "It is only comparable to military losses in very tough battles during war time, The security forces, at the same time and at the same place do not present any wounded man by bullets, nor anyone killed by bullets."
As of April 2002, the Algerian Human Rights League reports 90 kabyles killed, 5000 wounded of which 200 have become permanently disabled, and thousands of arrests, bad treatment, torture and arbitrary detentions.
At the end of the black spring events, the Algerian press reports 126 Kabyles killed, and thousands were severely injured in the riots, or tortured by the Gendarmerie.
[edit] Results
In the end, Bouteflika agreed to some of the Kabyle demands. Gendarmes were withdrawn from Kabylie, and the Berber language, Tamazight was made a "national language" in the Algerian constitution (but not an "official" language, on par with Arabic).
The traditional Berber political parties, Saïd Sadi's Liberal Rally for Culture and Democracy (RCD) and Hocine Aït Ahmed's Socialist Front of Socialist Forces (FFS), were partly marginalized by the radical grass-roots activism and violent forms of protest. Instead, new movements rose to the fore in Kabyle politics: the Arouch movement and the Movement for the Autonomy of Kabylie (MAK), whose regionalist ambitions for autonomy marked a new evolution in Kabyle politics.
