Binghamton, New York

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This article is about the City of Binghamton, New York. For the adjacent Town of Binghamton, see Binghamton (town), New York.
City of Binghamton
Downtown Binghamton looking north, from the State Office Building at night.
Downtown Binghamton looking north, from the State Office Building at night.
Official seal of City of Binghamton
Seal
Nickname: "The Parlor City"; "Carousel Capital of the World"
Motto: Restoring The Pride
City of Binghamton (New York)
City of Binghamton
City of Binghamton
Location within the state of New York
Coordinates: 42°6′8.01″N 75°54′42.47″W / 42.102225, -75.9117972
Incorporated 1867
Government
 - Mayor Matthew T. Ryan
Area
 - City 11.0 sq mi (28.6 km²)
 - Land 10.4 sq mi (27.0 km²)
 - Water 0.6 sq mi (1.6 km²)  5.43%
Elevation 850 ft (259 m)
Population (2000 Census)
 - City 47,380
 - Density 4,545.0/sq mi (1,754.8/km²)
 - Metro 252,320
Time zone EST (UTC-5)
 - Summer (DST) EDT (UTC-4)
ZIP code 139xx (13901 = downtown)
Area code(s) 607
Twin Cities
 - Borovichi Flag of Russia Russia
 - La Teste-de-Buch Flag of France France
Website: http://www.cityofbinghamton.com

Binghamton, known as The Parlor City, is a city located in the Southern Tier of New York in the United States. The "Home of the Square Deal," is the county seat of Broome County and the principal city and cultural center of the Greater Binghamton region. The population of the City, according to the 2000 census, is 47,380.

The City of Binghamton is located at the confluence of the Susquehanna and Chenango Rivers. The city is at the crossroads of Interstates 81 and 88, as well as New York State Route 17 (also known as The Southern Tier Expressway and the future Interstate 86).

The Binghamton Metropolitan Area includes approximately 252,000 residents in all of Broome and Tioga (NY) counties. [1] Binghamton is part of the "Triple Cities," along with Endicott and Johnson City (which are actually villages). The region is collectively referred to as Greater Binghamton.

In 2007, Binghamton was named the 79th greenest city in the U.S. by Country Home magazine. [2]

Greater Binghamton is home to Binghamton University, a driving force in the community as an academic, athletic, and arts center. The region is also recognized as the birthplace of the IBM corporation (in nearby Endicott), Dick's Sporting Goods and the Raymond Corporation. Binghamton has the world's largest collection of functioning antique carousels, has the largest public observatory in the northeastern United States, was for nearly the entire first half of the twentieth century a significant hub of American footwear production as the home of Endicott Johnson Corporation and is the city in which the modern flight simulator was invented.

Contents

[edit] History

[edit] Early history

The city was named after William Bingham, a wealthy Philadelphian who bought the surrounding land in 1792. Before that, the first known people of European descent to come to the area were the troops of Gen. John Sullivan in 1779, during the American Revolutionary War.

The community was first settled around 1802 and was known as "Chenango Point." Binghamton was first incorporated in 1834 as a village of the Town of Binghamton. Binghamton became a city in 1867.

Abel Bennett, who made a fortune as owner of the Pennsylvania Coal Company, was the city's first mayor. His farm property on the city's west side (in an area bordered by Riverside Drive on the south, Beethoven Street on the west, Seminary Avenue on the north, and portions of Chestnut Street and St. John Avenue to the east) is known as the Abel Bennett Tract. On Feb. 19, 2008, this historic district was placed on the National Register of Historic Places. [2]

[edit] Later Development

An early Link Flight Simulator, invented in Binghamton in 1929.
An early Link Flight Simulator, invented in Binghamton in 1929.

Binghamton was nicknamed the “Parlor City” for its neat streets and attractive homes, including many stately mansions. Strangely enough, many of those stately mansions are now funeral parlors. During the late 1800s and early 1900s, many immigrants moved to the area, finding an abundance of jobs, leading them to call it the “Valley of Opportunity.”

Greater Binghamton is noted as being the birthplace of the Link flight simulator as well as IBM. Until the Cold War ended, the area never experienced an economic downfall, due in part to its defense-heavy industries. This concentration of the defense industry made the area the seventh most likely area in the nation for a nuclear attack during the Cold War[citation needed], and the population peaked at around 85,000 in 1950, but now hovers around 50,000.

Along with the start of IBM, the original Dick's Sporting Goods started out as a fishing store in the heart of Binghamton.

[edit] Geography

Binghamton is located at 42°6′8″N, 75°54′42″W (42.102225, −75.911797)[3].

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 28.6 km² (11.0 sq mi). 27.0 km² (10.4 sq mi) of it is land and 1.6 km² (0.6 sq mi) of it (5.43%) is water.

The north branch of the Susquehanna River passes through downtown Binghamton. This branch rises in eastern New York and receives a number of tributaries above Binghamton, most notably the Chenango, which joins from the north just outside of the business district. Major floods occurred in the city during 1865, 1936 and 2006.

In 1935 the Chenango suffered a flash flood, which was damaging, but less severe once it joined the larger Susquehenna. So much water came from the Chenango, that the Susquehanna flowed backwards for some distance above the confluence. In 1972 the remnants of Hurricane Agnes flooded the entire Susquehanna basin downstream from Binghamton, but the damage in the city was minor.

In 2006, the Susquehanna flooded again in Binghamton causing massive amounts of damage in the city and the entire metropolitan area. The Exchange Street and Washington Street bridges were flooded and the height of the river surpassed the flood walls on North Shore Drive, Court Street, and Conklin Ave. The damage was extensive enough to force large scale evacuations, including that of Lourdes Hospital which was unable to pump water out of its basement fast enough.

[edit] Climate

Binghamton has a humid continental climate, with cold, snowy winters and warmer, wet summers. Snowfall is significant, with an annual total of 82.4 inches. Binghamton is not affected by the lake-effect snows of cities north (Syracuse) and closer to the Great Lakes, but persistent snow bands from the lakes do occasionally result in moderate snows. Binghamton receives significant snows at times during the year from Nor'easter storms as well.

Binghamton is known for its heavy cloudiness; it is the seventh cloudiest U.S. city, and the cloudiest east of the Rocky Mountains.[4]

Summers in Binghamton are typified by warmer, less humid days with occasional temperature spikes into the upper 80s and lower 90s. Higher temperatures have occurred, but are very uncommon. As with most cities in upstate New York, precipitation in Binghamton is spread evenly throughout the year; there is no "dry season."

Binghamton, New York weather
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Avg high °F (°C) 29
(-1)		 31
(-0.5)		 40
(4)		 54
(12)		 66
(18)		 74
(23)		 79
(26)		 77
(25)		 69
(20)		 58
(14)		 45
(7)		 33
(0.5)
55
(12)
Avg low temperature °F (°C) 15
(-9)		 16
(-8)		 24
(-4)		 35
(1)		 46
(7)		 55
(12)		 60
(15)		 58
(14)		 50
(10)		 40
(4)		 31
(-0.5)		 20
(-6)
38
(3)
Rainfall in. (cm) 2.4
(6)		 2.3
(5)		 2.9
(7)		 3.3
(8)		 3.3
(8)		 3.6
(9)		 3.6
(9)		 3.5
(8)		 3.2
(8)		 2.9
(7)		 3.2
(8)		 2.9
(7)
37.1
(94)
Snowfall in. (cm) 19.5
(49)		 17.5
(44)		 14.1
(35)		 5
(12)		 0.3
(0.8)		 --
(--)		 --
(--)		 --
(--)		 --
(--)		 0.7
(1)		 7.3
(18)		 18
(45)
82.4
(209)
Source: Weatherbase

[edit] Cityscape

The City of Binghamton is generally spread across eight neighborhoods; Downtown Binghamton, the Westside, the Eastside, the Northside, the First Ward, Southside West, Southside East, and Ely Park. Downtown Binghamton is the location of the city's primary retail and financial institutions, governmental offices, and entertainment venues.

[edit] Demographics

As of the census[5] of 2000, there were 47,380 people, 21,089 households, and 10,417 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,752.3/km² (4,539.2/sq mi). There were 23,971 housing units at an average density of 886.5/km² (2,296.5/sq mi). The racial makeup of the city was 83.18% White, 8.41% Black or African American, 0.26% Native American, 3.33% Asian, 0.04% Pacific Islander, 1.71% from other races, and 3.07% from two or more races. 3.90% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

There were 21,091 households out of which 23.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 31.6% were married couples living together, 13.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 50.6% were non-families. 40.3% of all households were made up of individuals and 15.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.19 and the average family size was 2.96.

In the city the population was spread out with 21.5% under the age of 18, 13.2% from 18 to 24, 26.6% from 25 to 44, 21.0% from 45 to 64, and 17.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females there were 89.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 86.6 males.

The area surrounding Binghamton, referred to in marketing as "Greater Binghamton" - or the Binghamton MSA by the census bureau - is approximately 252,000 people. The Binghamton MSA is composed of all of Broome County and neighboring Tioga County. Alternatively defined, the number of people living in an approximately 40-mile radius of the city is approximately 300,000. This count includes Broome, Tioga, and portions of Cortland, Delaware and Chenango Counties in New York and portions of Susquehanna and Bradford counties in Pennsylvania.

The median income for a household in the city was $25,665, and the median income for a family was $36,137. Males had a median income of $28,774 versus $23,014 for females. The per capita income for the city was $17,067. About 16.5% of families and 23.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 28.4% of those under age 18 and 10.3% of those age 65 or over.

[edit] The Region Today

Broome County Courthouse, Binghamton, NY
Broome County Courthouse, Binghamton, NY
The historic Beaux-Arts Security Mutual Life building.
The historic Beaux-Arts Security Mutual Life building.
Boscov's, downtown Binghamton's department store.
Boscov's, downtown Binghamton's department store.
JulyFest, a festival of music, food, and arts, is held annually downtown.
JulyFest, a festival of music, food, and arts, is held annually downtown.
Live at Five, a Friday night after-work concert, is held each week Memorial Day to Labor Day downtown.
Live at Five, a Friday night after-work concert, is held each week Memorial Day to Labor Day downtown.

Binghamton refers to itself as the “Carousel Capital of the World,” with sixty antique Herschell carousels in the region, each with hand-carved horses - one of the world's largest functional collections of old-style carousels. The Binghamton Zoo at Ross Park is the fifth-oldest zoo in the nation. The Binghamton area is the home of the regional dish known as the spiedie, celebrated at the annual Spiedie Fest and Balloon Rally, held at Otsiningo Park. The area’s Kopernik Space Center observatory is the largest public observatory in the northeast United States.

Binghamton University, the top-ranking public school in the Northeast United States[6] has a significant impact on the Greater Binghamton area. The University contributes an economic impact of $700 million in Greater Binghamton and $894.5 million in New York State.

The 148-member Binghamton Police Department enforces laws and provides police protection to city residents. The Binghamton Fire Department is composed of 134 paid uniformed firefighters, EMTs and paramedics.

[edit] Employers

Binghamton's employment base is skewed towards technology businesses, particularly the defense industry. Education and health care are also significant employers in the region.

Current major employers in the Greater Binghamton area include:

[edit] Arts Influence

The region has, in the last several years, developed a growing and pervasive arts scene. These include a large cluster of art galleries and shops centered in the downtown Binghamton area, and has given rise to an event, the First Friday Art Walk, sponsored by a local arts association, the Gorgeous Washington Street Association. These events have been drawing large crowds downtown since 2003. Artists of local prominence that display or have galleries include Anthony Brunelli, a renowned photorealist painter who calls Binghamton home; Orazio Salati, who owns a gallery and exhibits many works; and Marla Olmstead, a local child who achieved fame in the art world for her abstract art. Dov Treiman lives, works, and exhibits at his home in Berkshire, in the Greater Binghamton region.

See City of Binghamton's Around Town page for a list of galleries.

[edit] Education

[edit] Primary and secondary education

[edit] Higher Education

  • Binghamton University

Binghamton University, (formerly known as Harpur College, and as State University of New York at Binghamton), part of the SUNY system, is located in nearby Vestal. The University is the highest ranked public university in the Northeast United States, and was also ranked number 1 on Kiplinger's best values in education. It offers highly ranked education, significant arts, and Division I athletics.

Though now physically located in Vestal, the area encompassing the college was once owned by the city of Binghamton and in the recent past, sold to the town of Vestal[citation needed]. A remnant of its existence on Binghamton city property is its continued use of a Binghamton zip code.

In 2007 Binghamton University opened a new downtown Binghamton facility for the College of Community and Public Affairs. Additionally, a large number of students reside in the Westside, Downtown and Southside areas of the city.

  • Broome Community College

Broome Community College, also a part of the SUNY system, is located in nearby Dickinson.

  • Upstate Medical University

A clinical campus of Upstate Medical University was established for third and fourth year medical students in 1979. Students spend their first two years of medical school in Syracuse, New York and then complete their training in Binghamton.

  • Davis College

Davis College (formerly Practical Bible College) is located just outside the city limits in the suburb of Johnson City.

  • Other Institutions

Binghamton is also home to branches of Ridley Lowell, Elmira Business Institute, and Empire College.

[edit] Metro area

The nearby suburb of Vestal has many strip malls along a five-mile stretch of the Vestal Parkway (NY 434). Johnson City has the region’s largest indoor mall, the Oakdale Mall. Other area shopping centers include Boscov's department store (corner of Court St. and Water St.), Court St., Washington St.and State St. all in downtown Binghamton.

[edit] Media

Blues on the Bridge, an annual blues festival held on the antique Washington Street bridge.
Blues on the Bridge, an annual blues festival held on the antique Washington Street bridge.
A Spiedie, a regional delicacy of marinated meat on Italian bread, brought by Italian immigrants to the area.
A Spiedie, a regional delicacy of marinated meat on Italian bread, brought by Italian immigrants to the area.

The Greater Binghamton metro area is served by the following media outlets:

[edit] Sports

The area is home to the Eastern League's Binghamton Mets (AA affiliate of the New York Mets). Formerly known as the Binghamton Triplets, the club featured such stars as Whitey Ford, Joe DiMaggio, and other Yankee greats. Most recently, the B-Mets have sent stars like Jose Reyes and David Wright, Preston Wilson and Jay Payton to the majors.

Several hockey teams have played in Broome County over the years, most recently the Binghamton Senators, who currently serve as the AHL affiliate of the Ottawa Senators. The B-Sens won division titles on 2003 and 2005, reaching the AHL conference finals in 2003. They play their home games at Broome County Veterans Memorial Arena.

Division I College Sports are played at Binghamton University (a member of the America East Conference). Division III College Sports are played at Broome Community College. Bobby Gonzalez, head coach of Seton Hall's men's basketball team was born here, and still has family in the area. Alongside Bobby Gonalez, King Rice, a McDonalds All-American, and 2 year starter at UNC, is currently an assistant coach for Vanderbilt's men's baseketball team, called Binghamton home.

Binghamton is also home to two semi-pro football teams, the Broome County Dragons (members of the Empire Football League) and the Southern Tier Green Machine (members of the North American Football League).

The area is also home to an annual Professional Tennis Challenger, the Levene Gouldin & Thompson Tennis Challenger, part of the USTA pro circuit (Known as the Frito-Lay Tennis Challenger in years past). Tennis greats such as Lleyton Hewitt, James Blake and more recently Andy Murray found their start with this tournament, using it as a spring board to the U.S. Open (tennis) [5].

The B.C. Open was an official PGA Tour event that was held annually from 1971 to 2006 at Endicott's En-Joie Golf Course. (Note that the 2006 B.C. Open had to be played in Verona, N.Y. due to extensive damage during the June 2006 Flooding of the Susquehanna River.) Beginning in 2007, the area will host a PGA Champion's Tour event, the Dick's Sporting Goods Open. The event will replace the B.C. Open and continue to be played at En-Joie Golf Course in Endicott.

Since 1978 a round of the American Motorcyclist Association's Motocross Championship has been held at the nearby Broom-Tioga Sports Center each year.

Two world famous amateur sports tournaments are held in Binghamton. The Stop DWI Holiday Classic - a nationally recognized high school basketball tournament - calls the city home during the Christmas season, amassing about 16 of the nations best teams from places such as Orlando, NYC, Philadelphia, Kentucky, Cincinnati, and other large metropolitan areas. The World Youth Classic is an American Legion youth baseball tournament featuring world-class Legion baseball teams. Held in July, it features teams from Florida, Kentucky, Ohio, New York, Georgia, and New England. As many as 32 teams may play per year.

[edit] Transportation

[edit] Airport

The area is served by a medium-sized regional airport, Greater Binghamton Airport. Destinations served by the airport include Philadelphia (US Airways), Dulles Airport serving Washington, D.C. (United) and Detroit (Northwest Airlines).

[edit] Public transit

Intercity bus service is available from downtown Binghamton via Greyhound (with destinations including Buffalo, Syracuse, Rochester, Scranton, Toronto, Philadelphia, Washington, D.C. and New York City.) Shortline/Coach USA also serves the region, with daily departures to Olean, Albany, Oneonta, Elmira, Turning Stone Resort & Casino, Utica, Atlantic City, Monticello and New York City. Megabus has recently begun service to Buffalo Airport and Toronto.

Public transportation in Binghamton and outlying areas is served by B.C. Transit, a service of the Broome County Department of Transportation. Students at Binghamton University are also served by OCCT (Off-Campus College Transport).

New York Senator Chuck Schumer is pushing for passenger rail service between Binghamton and New York City via Scranton and the Lackawanna Cutoff.[citation needed]

[edit] Major Highways and Roads that serve the Greater Binghamton Area

Two Interstate Highways run through the area:

Interstate 81

  • I-81 is a north-south route that runs from near Dandridge, Tennessee north to its northern terminus on Wellesley Island (near Fishers Landing, New York) at the Canadian border. Interstate 81 passes through the central and southeastern part of the City of Binghamton.

Interstate 88 (Senator Warren M. Anderson Expressway/Susquehanna Expressway)

  • I-88's western terminus is at I-81 northeast of the city and travels to Albany.

FUTURE Interstate 86

  • I-86 is an upgrade of the existing New York State Route 17. Known as the Southern Tier Expressway and Quickway (split by Interstate 81 at Binghamton, New York), the route will connect Interstate 90 near Erie, Pennsylvania, with Interstate 87 (New York State Thruway) near Harriman, New York.

One US Highway run through the area:

U.S. Route 11

  • US 11 runs from eastern New Orleans, Louisiana to its northern terminus at the Canadian border in Rouses Point, New York. US 11 is a north-south route through the central and southeastern part of the city.

New York State Routes:

New York State Route 17 (Southern Tier Expressway/Quickway)

  • NY 17 is an important east-west route through the area.
  • FUTURE Interstate 86

New York State Route 17C

  • NY 17C travels east into Binghamton from Waverly and has an eastern terminus at an intersection with U.S. Route 11 in Binghamton.

New York State Route 201

  • NY 201 is a north-south state highway located west of the city of Binghamton in Broome County, New York. The southern terminus of the route is at NY 434 in Vestal. The northern terminus is at NY 17 (future Interstate 86) in Johnson City.

New York State Route 363 (North Shore Drive)

  • a north-south limited-access highway in Binghamton that links NY 434 at its southern terminus with New York State Route 7 at its northern terminus.

New York State Route 434 (Vestal Parkway)

  • NY 434 is the former route of NY 17 prior to the construction of the Southern Tier Expressway, which NY 434 parallels.

[edit] Government

The current Mayor of Binghamton is Matthew T. Ryan (D). The current 7-member City Council comprises: Robert Weslar (D), 1st District; Martin J. Gerchman (D), 2nd District; Teri Rennia (D), 3rd District; Lea Webb (D), 4th District; Sean Massey (D), 5th District; Charles Kramer (D), 6th District; and Edward M. Collins (D), 7th District.

[edit] Points of interest

[edit] Famous residents

 This list may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards.
Please help improve this list. It may be poorly defined, unverified or indiscriminate. (March 2008)
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Famous people who resided in Binghamton include:

See also Categories: People from Binghamton, New York

[edit] Binghamton in Books

  • A History of the Binghamton Slovaks, by Imrich Mazar: A chronicle of one of Binghamton's largest ethnic populations.
  • From Vision to Excellence: A Popular History of Binghamton University, by Karen T. Hammond: Although Hammond's book focuses on the SUNY campus, it also provides interesting information on the city of Binghamton.
  • Binghamton (Images of America), by Ed Aswad and Suzanne M. Meredith: A photographic history. There are several companion books dealing with IBM, Endicott, Johnson City, and baseball and hockey in Broome County.
  • A Mind of Summer, by Erik Grayson: Includes Tales of Three Cities, a short oral history of the greater Binghamton area.
  • Diary of a Binghamton boy in the 1860s, by Morris Treadwell: Early Binghamton through the eyes of a young boy.
  • Partners All: A History of Broome County, New York, by Gerald R. Smith.
  • Working Lives, Broome County, New York, 1800-1930: A Social History of People at Work in Our Region, by Ross McGuire.
  • Broome County Heritage: An Illustrated History, by Lawrence Bothwell.
  • Broome County: A Contemporary Portrait, by Karen Hammond, Suzanne M. Meredith, Kirk Van Zandbergen, and Leslie Van Zandbergen.
  • Actual Conversations With Myself, by Jeff Orlick. Includes many chapters based in and around the city of Binghamton and Binghamton University.
  • Reflections On My Dirty Dog Days, by Dene Farrell. Discusses childhood adventures in Binghamton and neighboring Johnson City.
  • A Picture Post-Card History of New York's Broome County Area--Binghamton, Johnson City, Endicott, Owego, and Surrounding Communities, published by the Kiwanis Club of Binghamton
  • "Tastes and Tales of New York's Southern Tier". Profiles of Binghamton area restaurants and other food related businesses by Paul VanSavage, Suzanne M. Meredith and Ed Aswad.
  • "Drunkard's Refuge: The Lessons of the New York State Inebriate Asylum". Provides a history of the nation's first mental health facility to treat alcoholism as a disease (located on the grounds of the current Binghamton Psychiatric Center). The site of the facility is on the National Endangered Properties List [6]. Written by John W. Crowley and William L. White.
  • "McIntosh: '...for the love of music...'", by Ken Kessler. Published by McIntosh Laboratory, Inc., 2006. ISBN 0-9787236-0-0. A 315 page history of one of "the longest-established high-end audio-electronics company in America." [7]

[edit] Binghamton On The Screen

 This section does not cite any references or sources. (May 2008)
Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unverifiable material may be challenged and removed.
  • It Should Happen to You (1954 movie, Columbia Pictures) - Main character Gladys Glover, played by Judy Holliday, is a girl from Binghamton who moves to New York City in hopes of becoming a star.
  • The Twilight Zone - Mentioned and shown in various episodes. Rod Serling's home address in Binghamton was used in the episode "They're Tearing Down Tim Riley's Bar". Serling was famously fond of the city and based the Twilight Zone episode "Walking Distance" on the carousel near his childhood home. A plaque placed in the ground near the carousel commemorates this and there is a plaque commemorating Serling in front of the Binghamton High School on Main Street.
  • Liebestraum - This motion picture was filmed in many locations in and around Binghamton, in particular utilizing the Perry Block, a building with a cast-iron facade. Binghamton has one of the last remaining examples of such architecture downtown.
  • X-Files - In season 2, the episode "Colony", Mulder and Scully briefly track a killer through Binghamton, stopping at the fictional "Globe and Mail" local newspaper office. Also, in season 9, Monica Reyes' new Georgetown apartment address of 67 Bennett Avenue was actually Rod Serling's home address in Binghamton.
  • Pardon The Interruption - Tony Kornheiser went to Binghamton University and is often heard mentioning the school's basketball team.
  • A scene in an episode of Seinfeld was taken in Downtown Binghamton.
  • The pregame fight in Slap Shot is based on a real story that took place on January 16, 1975 in Binghamton when the Syracuse Blazers and Broome Dusters had a 30-minute pregame brawl.

[edit] Sister Cities

Binghamton has two sister cities, according to Sister Cities International, Inc. (SCI):

[edit] References

  1. ^ 2003 Metropolitan Area Rankings (2003-06-06). Retrieved on 2007-12-17.
  2. ^ Top 100 Greenest Cities in the USA
  3. ^ US Gazetteer files: 2000 and 1990. United States Census Bureau (2005-05-03). Retrieved on 2008-01-31.
  4. ^ USATODAY.com
  5. ^ American FactFinder. United States Census Bureau. Retrieved on 2008-01-31.
  6. ^ "America's Best Colleges 2006: National Universities: Top Schools", U.S. News & World Report, accessed August 8, 2006
  7. ^ Book Review: McIntosh: "...for the love of music..." [1]

[edit] External links


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