User:Billreid/Pluscarden Abbey
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Pluscarden Abbey is a Benedictine monastery located in the glen of the Black Burn about 10 kilometres south-west of Elgin, in Moray, Scotland. It has been for most of its history a priory and was founded in c1230 by the Valliscaulian Order. In 1454, following a merger with the priory at Urquhart, a cell of Dunfermline Abbey, Pluscarden Priory became a Benedictine House. The years immediately preceding the Reformation and those after saw the decline of the priory. By 1680 it was in a ruinous condition. Some work to arrest the decay took place in the late 19th century but it wasn't intil 1948 when restoration of the priory was begun by monks from the Benedictine Prinknash Abbey in Gloucestershire. In 1966 the priory received its independence from the mother-house and was elevated to abbey status in 1974.
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[edit] History
[edit] The Valliscaulian priory
The Valliscaulian priory of Pluscarden was founded by King Alexander II. The now defunct Valliscaulian Order was small compared to the great medieval religious houses and emerged at a time when austere monasticism had spread across Europe c. 1075 – 1200[1]The founder of the Order was Viard who trained as a lay cleric at the Charterhouse of Lugny. The founding priory was Val des Choux around 20 km from Chatillon-sur-Seine in Burgundy. Viard, who drew up the ascetic rules governing the Order, received consent from Pope Innocent III in 1205/6; a copy of this bull was preserved in the Chartulary of Moray.[2] The consequential legal charter, the Ordinale, provided the exact details of the liturgy, the obligations of office bearers and the conduct of the Order.[3] The Ordinale contains rules that show close resemblances to Cistercian[4]and, to a lesser degree, Carthusian practices. [5] The most obvious difference in approach from the Cistercian practices would have been the separate cells for the monks — most likely a partitioned dormitory as practised by the Grandmontines[6] — and the vegetable plots where the brothers were allowed to tend their private gardens in the afternoons when not engaged in official priory duties. Another Carthusian rule adopted by the Valliscaulians was that the priory should have no more than 20 monks.[7]This meant that with the small size of the community, survival would be difficult without wealthy patrons. The Valliscaulians only had 21 houses in total, according to JAP Mignard, the Order’s 19th century historian [8] and three of these were in Scotland, namely Pluscarden, Beauly in Ross-shire and Ardchattan in Argyll. Despite the fact that Valliscaulians were closer to the Cistercians, the main outward aspects of the Order caused Walter Bower, Abbot of Inchcolm, to have taken the three Valliscaulian houses for that of the Carthusians. He recorded this in his Scotichronicon of 1437[9] and so must have been aware of their customs so soon after the establishment of the one and only Scottish Carthusian monastry in Perth in 1429.[10]
Alexander II granted the Order extensive lowland estates between the rivers Ness and Spey. He also gave the priory the earnings of mills in Pluscarden, Elgin, Dunkinedir, Molen, Forres and Dulpoten and salmon fishing rights in both the Findhorn and Spey. The priory was also granted a tithe on all the iron mined in the forests of Pluscarden. [11] All of these taken together meant that Pluscarden prospered. [12]
Contemporary chronicles from the priory do not exist however the Liber Pluscardensis is a history of Scotland which borrows heavily from the writings in the Scotichronicon and Fordun[13] which was penned in Pluscarden in 1461 at the behest of the Abbot of Dunfermline. The document was written by a secular cleric called Maurice Buchanan but he gives no information originating from the priory’s monastic establishment.[14]
It has been traditionally held that there were two 14th century fires at the priory. The first was ascribed to Edward I of England in 1303 and the second, in 1390, to Alexander Stewart, 1st Earl of Buchan, and called the Wolf of Badenoch. Certainly the physical evidence confirms that there was a significant fire and that the damage caused to the transepts were never restored points to dwindling resources.[15] In 1398 Prior Thomas Fullonis resigned having served for 21 years. He wrote to the Bishop of Moray informing him of the hard times at the priory but that Prior Alexander (1398 — c 1417) had been elected and had been tasked with repairing the deteriorating church and living areas.[16]
The state of the house, both physically and politically, had by the 15th century, become serious with regular arguments breaking out over who should be prior. Falling income and disjointed contact with France due to the Hundred Year War (1337 — 1453) exacerbated the situation. The Scottish houses were given an exemption from attending the yearly General Chapter at Val de Choux[17]
[edit] The Benedictine priory
In 1453, John Bonally, the Prior of Urquhart formally requested from the Pope that his monastery and Pluscarden be merged. At that time, Urquhart had only two monks and Pluscarden had six.[18] A papal Bull was issued by Nicholas V on 12 March 1453 joining the priories and from then on Pluscarden became a daughter-house of the Benedictine Dunfermline Abbey. Pluscarden was chosen over Urquhart as the priory location as the buildings were more spacious and thought easier to restore and Bonally was appointed as its first Benedictine prior.[19] However, the Abbot of Dunfermline’s representative informed him that he found the priory in need of much renovation; the consequence of nearly 60 years of neglect was that vaulted roofs of the choir and crossing were in danger of collapsing.[20] William Boyce, the second Benedictine Prior of Pluscarden, was given responsibility for the maintenance of the church fabric of Dunfermline Abbey from Abbot Richard de Bothwell (1445 – 70) at the time that the west end of the abbey’s nave was restored.[21] The inference has been made that it was during this prior’s tenure that some major improvements were carried out.[22] Indeed by 1506, King James IV was able to stay at the priory and was noted as giving the masons working on the building a sum of 15 shillings for buying drink.[23]
The 16th century complement at Pluscarden as shown by their signatures on charters show that there was seven monks in 1500, nine in 1508, thirteen in 1524 and also in 1548, and eleven in 1558.[24] After the Reformation, the rental of the priory in 1561 gives details of the inhabitants — five monks, a chamberlain with two servants, a master-cook, master-baker, porter and a gardener.[25]George Learmonth (1509 — 29) and Alexander Dunbar (1529 — 60) were the last two priors before the Reformation who, although they were secular clerics, both wore the Benedictine habit.[26] Dunbar, in a similar manner to his contemporary Bishop Patrick Hepburn at Elgin, carried out large-scale alienation of the priory property — in Dunbar's case, to his own family. Dunbar died in 1560 and the community was made the responsibility of a succession of lay commendatory priors who saw to the monastic revenues and the welfare of those monks that remained. The last monk recorded at Pluscarden was Thomas Ross who along with the commendatory prior, Alexander Seton (later to become the Alexander Seton, 1st Earl of Dunfermline), both witness a grant of fishings in 1586. After the priory ceased to have a monastic community, the estates were administered by lay priors.
During the 17th century, the priory became ruinous and was used as a quarry for the rebuilding of St Giles Kirk, in Elgin. The payments made to hauliers imply that the pulling down of the building must have been on a large scale.[27] The lands at Pluscarden came into the ownership of the Earls of Fife and the 4th Earl arrested further deterioration when he converted the east range into a shooting lodge. The property has then bought by John Patrick Crichton-Stuart, 3rd Marquess of Bute in 1897 who commenced a restoration of the church but was halted in 1900 upon his death.
[edit] The Benedictine abbey
Lord Colum Crichton-Stuart who now owned the buildings at Pluscarden gave the priory and its land to the Benedictine Prinknash Abbey in 1943. The community arrived in 1948 and within seven years the church’s bell tower had been roofed. Restoration work continued and in 1966 the priory obtained its independence from Prinknash and achieving Abbey status in 1974.
[edit] The Priors and Abbots of Pluscarden
| Dates | Superior | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| VALLISCAULIAN PRIORY | ||
| 1239 — 1264 | Simon John Frer John Suryass |
Exact dates unknown |
| 1264 — 1274 | Andrew | Later Abbot of Kinloss |
| 1274* | William | Bagimond’s Tax Roll, Pluscarden assessed for £533 annual income. |
| 1286* | Simon | |
| 1345* | John Wise | |
| 1367 — 98 | Thomas Fullonis | |
| 1398* | Alexander | |
| c.1417* | Eoghann MacPheadair | David Cran, monk of Deer intruded briefly as prior. |
| 1428* | Andrew Symson | Monk of Deer |
| 1435* | Richard Lundy | Monk of Melrose; did not take up office - the monks of Pluscarden elect William Birnie, a Pluscarden monk, but this was disputed by Symson and law suit continued until 1439 |
| 1447* | Willam Hagis | Monk of Pluscarden; election challenged by William Birnie. |
| FIRST BENEDICTINE PRIORY | ||
| 1454* | John Bonally | Pluscarden and Urquhart priories merge by Papal Bull. John Bonally, monk of Dunfermline and Prior of Urquhart appointed Prior of Pluscarden. |
| 1456 — 1476 | William Boyce | Monk of Dunfermline |
| 1476 — 1480 | Thomas Foster | Monk of Dunfermline; Gavin Dunbar, cleric of Moray Diocese, later Bishop of Aberdeen, attempts to become prior in 1479. |
| 1481 — 1486? | David Boyce | Monk of Dunfermline and elected by the community. |
| 1487 — 1509 | Robert Harrower | |
| 1509 — 1529 | George Learmonth | Secular cleric of St Andrews Diocese. Died March 1531. |
| 1529 — 1560 | Alexander Dunbar | Secular cleric of Ross Diocese. Died September 1560 |
| COMMENDATORY PRIORY | ||
| 1561* | Master William Cranston | 1561 — 2 George, 7th Lord Seton named Yconomus of Pluscarden. |
| 1565 — 1577 | Alexander Seton | Alexander Seton was the 4th son of the 7th Lord Seton and was the Prior of Pluscarden after being appointed by Queen Mary Stuart. In 1577, he was deprived of Pluscarden for failing to adhere to Protestantism. |
| 1577 — 82 | James Douglas | Intruded as prior. |
| 1587 | Alexander Seton | Pluscarden was erected into a temporal lordship belonging to Seton.
He became Lord Urquhart upon his appointment to the legal bench and later received the title of Lord Fyvie in 1597, and then Earl of Dunfermline in 1605. He became Chancellor of Scotland under King James VI. Pluscarden was erected into a temporal lordship belonging to Seton. |
| LAY PRIORY | ||
| 1595 — 1611 | Kenneth Mackenzie of Kintail | |
| 1611 — 1633 | Colin Mackenzie 2nd Lord Kintail | |
| 1633 – 1649 | Thomas Mackenzie of Kintail | |
| 1649 — 1655 | Sir George Mackenzie of Tarbat | |
| 1655 — 1662 | Sir George Mackenzie | |
| 1662 — 1664 | George Sinclair, Earl of Caithness and Major George Bateman | Joint lay priors of Pluscarden |
| 1664 — 1687 | Major George Bateman | Sole lay prior of Pluscarden |
| 1687 — 1709 | James Grant of Grant | |
| 1709 — 1763 | William Duff of Dipple | Later 1st Earl of Fife |
| 1763 — 1809 | James, 2nd Earl of Fife | |
| 1809 — 1811 | Alexander, 3rd Earl of Fife | |
| 1811 — 1857 | James, 4th Earl of Fife | |
| 1857 — 1879 | James, 5th Earl of Fife | |
| 1879 — 1889 | Alexander, 5th Earl of Fife, 1st Duke of Fife | |
| 1889 — 1900 | John, 3rd Marquess of Bute | |
| 1900 — 1945 | Lord Colum Crichton-Stuart | |
| SECOND BENEDICTINE PRIORY AND FIRST ABBEY | ||
| 1945 — 1948 | Dom Benedict Steuart | Titular Prior of Pluscarden |
| 1948 — 1951 | Dom Brendan McHugh | Local Superior and acting Prior |
| 1950 | Dom Wilfred Upson | Abbot of Prinknash (1938 – 1963) declared de jure Prior of Pluscarden by Lord Lyon, King of Arms |
| 1951 — 1961 | Dom Norbert Cowen | Local Superior and acting Prior |
| 1963 | Dom Dyfrig Rushton | Abbot of Prinknash (1963 – 1979) and Major Superior of Pluscarden Abbey (1963 – 66) |
| 1961 — 1966 | Dom Columba Wynne | Local Superior and acting Prior |
| 1966 | Pluscarden becomes an independent conventual Priory | |
| 1966 — 1974 | Dom Alfred Spencer | Conventual Prior |
| 1974 | Pluscarden becomes an Abbey | |
| 1974 — 1992 | Rt Rev Dom Alfred Spencer | 1st Abbot of Pluscarden |
| 1992 — | Rt Rev Dom Hugh Gilbert | 2nd Abbot of Pluscarden |
* The exact tenure of the prior is unknown
[edit] Notes
- ^ McCormick, Finbar: Excavations at Pluscarden Priory, Moray, Proc Soc Antiq Scot, 124 (1994), p 391
- ^ Macphail, S R: History of the Religious House of Pluscardyn.1881 Edinburgh. p 193
- ^ Vermeer, P : 'Citeaux - Val des Choux', Collectanea Ord Cist Ref, 15, 1954, pp 35-44
- ^ Choisselet, D & Vernet, P: (eds) Les Ecclesiastica Officia Cisterciens du Xlleme siecle, Abbaye d'Oelenberg, F-68950 Reiningue. 1989
- ^ Guigues ler: Coutumes de Chartreuse, Dom M Laporte (ed), Sources Chretiennes 313, Paris, 1984
- ^ Hutchison, C E: The hermit monks of Grandmont, Kalamazoo, 1989, pp 93, 338-9
- ^ Folz, R.: Le monastere du Val des Choux au premier siecle de son histoire, Bulletin Philologique et Historique du Comite des Travaux Historiques et Scientifiques, 1959, pp 91-115
- ^ McCormick, Finbar: Excavations at Pluscarden Priory, Moray, Proc Soc Antiq Scot, 124 (1994), p 391
- ^ Bower, W: Scotichronicon, Watt, D E R (ed). Aberdeen, 1987, vol 8, p275
- ^ Beckett, N M : The Perth Charterhouse before 1500, Analecta Cartusiana, 128, Salzburg, 1988, p xi;
- ^ McCormick, Finbar: Excavations at Pluscarden Priory, Moray, Proc Soc Antiq Scot, 124 (1994), p 392
- ^ Macphail, S R: History of the Religious House of Pluscardyn.1881 Edinburgh. p 80
- ^ Historia Gentis Scotorurn, ed Skene, W F (Historians of Scotland vols 1 & 4), Edinburgh, 1871/2
- ^ McCormick, Finbar: Excavations at Pluscarden Priory, Moray, Proc Soc Antiq Scot, 124 (1994), p 393
- ^ McCormick, Finbar: Excavations at Pluscarden Priory, Moray, Proc Soc Antiq Scot, 124 (1994), p 393
- ^ Macphail, S R: History of the Religious House of Pluscardyn.1881 Edinburgh, p 217
- ^ Birch, W De Gray Ordinale Conventus Vallis Caulium. London, 1900, p119
- ^ Macphail, S R: History of the Religious House of Pluscardyn.1881 Edinburgh, p 223
- ^ McCormick, Finbar: Excavations at Pluscarden Priory, Moray, Proc Soc Antiq Scot, 124 (1994), p 393
- ^ Webster, J: Dunfermline Abbey. Dunfermline, 1948, p 197
- ^ Webster, J: Dunfermline Abbey. Dunfermline, 1948, p 231
- ^ Hannah, I C: Screens and lofts in Scottish churches, Proc Soc Antiq Scot, 70 (1936), pp 181-201
- ^ Anson, P F: A Monastery in Moray, London, 1959, p 101
- ^ McCormick, Finbar: Excavations at Pluscarden Priory, Moray, Proc Soc Antiq Scot, 124 (1994), p 393
- ^ Macphail, S R: History of the Religious House of Pluscardyn, Edinburgh, 1881, p 254f
- ^ Dilworth, M: The Commendator System in Scotland', Innes Rev, 37, 1986, p 63
- ^ Anson, P F: A Monastery in Moray, London, 1959, p 158
[edit] Main references
- Anson, P F: A Monastery in Moray, London, 1959
- Birch, W De Gray Ordinale Conventus Vallis Caulium. London, 1900
- Bower, W: Scotichronicon, Watt, D E R (ed). Aberdeen, 1987, vol 8
- Hannah, I C: Screens and lofts in Scottish churches, Proc Soc Antiq Scot, 70 (1936)
- Historia Gentis Scotorurn, ed Skene, W F (Historians of Scotland vols 1 & 4), Edinburgh, 1871/2
- Macphail, S R: History of the Religious House of Pluscardyn.1881 Edinburgh.
- McCormick, Finbar: Excavations at Pluscarden Priory, Moray, Proc Soc Antiq Scot, 124 (1994)
- Webster, J: Dunfermline Abbey. Dunfermline, 1948
