Biafra

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Republic of Biafra Unrecognized state ← 1967 – 1970 → Flag Motto Peace, Unity, Freedom Anthem Land of the Rising Sun (national anthem) Map of Biafra inside Nigeria Capital Enugu Language(s) English (official), Igbo Government Republic President Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu Historical era Cold War  - Established May 30, 1967  - Disestablished January 15, 1970 Population  - 1967 est. 13,500,000  Currency Biafran pound

The Republic of Biafra was a short-lived secessionist state in southern Nigeria. It existed from May 30, 1967 to January 15, 1970. The country was named after the Bight of Biafra, the bay of the Atlantic to its south.^[1]

Biafra was recognized by a small number of countries during its existence: Gabon, Haiti, Côte d'Ivoire, Tanzania and Zambia. Despite a lack of official recognition, other nations provided assistance to Biafra. France, Rhodesia and South Africa provided covert military assistance. The aid of Portugal and JCA proved to be crucial to the republic's survival. Portugal's São Tomé and Príncipe, a pair of islands south of Biafra, became a center of humanitarian relief efforts; Biafran currency was printed in Lisbon, which was also the location of Biafra's major overseas office. Israel also gave Biafra arms that it captured in the 1967 Six-Day War, although that same conflict ruled out further assistance. In contrast, the United Kingdom and the Soviet Union provided military support for Nigeria,^[2] and the war of Biafran secession ended in a humanitarian catastrophe as Nigerian blockades stopped all supplies, military and civilian alike, from entering the region. Hundreds of thousands – perhaps millions – of people died in the resulting famine.

[edit] History

On 15 January 1966, a coup d'etat in the Nigerian government was attempted and mostly successfully initiated by young military officers with promising futures. They were mainly of the Igbo people. The Igbos were referred to as "Ibo" at the time of the conflict. Since mostly Igbo officers in the Nigerian army survived, in the months of May and September 1966, Igbo migrants living in northern Nigeria were the targets of mass killings. Most of Nigeria's Igbo people, who were then estimated at 7 million, though not statistically accurate, lived in what was then the Eastern Region, which had as military governor the Igbo Lieutenant Colonel Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu.^[3] He declared the region an independent state with a capital at Enugu.

Nigeria responded initially with an economic blockade and brought military force to bear starting on June 5, 1967. In the ensuing civil war, raids were made by Biafran troops west into Nigeria in July and August. Nigerian troops soon recovered, however, advancing into Biafra and forcing the repeated transfer of the Biafran capital from Enugu to Aba and then Umuahia by the end of the year, and to Owerri in 1969. This was despite the daring efforts of Count Carl Gustaf von Rosen and a small air force, which had a disproportionate effect on the military situation. Its most famous aircraft were small Swedish MFI-9s, but it also had a typical rebel collection of Western influenced aircraft including Douglas C-47s, North American B-25 Mitchells, and Douglas A-26 Invaders. A Nigerian Airways Fokker F27 Friendship which had been hijacked in April 1967 was the first Biafran aircraft. "A DC-3 and a de Havilland Dove were impounded soon after independence, as were several light helicopters of various types."^[4]

The independent state of the Republic of Biafra in June 1967.

By 1970, Biafra had been ravaged by war and was in great need of food supplies. Nigeria banned all Red Cross aid in 1969, though it partially relented two weeks later after widespread international criticism, allowing limited, pre-inspected airlifts of food and other supplies.^[5] Amid economic and military collapse, Ojukwu fled the country and the rest of the republic's territory was re-incorporated into Nigeria. Many people died in the conflict, mostly through starvation and illness. The number of deaths is often cited at one million.^[6]

Nigeria later renamed the Bight of Biafra as the Bight of Bonny.

An excerpt from the last wartime speech of Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu, head of the Biafran state, follows:

In the three years of war, necessity gave birth to invention. During those three years, we built bombs, we built rockets, we designed and built our own delivery systems. We guided our rockets, we guided them far, and we guided them accurately. For three years, blockaded without hope of imports, we maintained engines, machines, and technical equipment. The state extracted and refined petrol, individuals refined petrol in their back gardens, we built and maintained airports, we maintained them under heavy bombardment. We spoke to the world through a telecommunications system engineered by local ingenuity. The world heard us and spoke back to us. We built armoured cars and tanks. We modified aircraft from trainer to fighters, from passenger aircraft to bombers. In three years of freedom, we had broken the technological barrier. In three years, we became the most civilized, the most technologically advanced black people on earth.

– ^[7]

[edit] Legacy

A child suffering the effects of severe hunger and malnutrition. Pictures of the famine caused by Nigerian blockade garnered sympathy for the Biafrans worldwide.

The international humanitarian organization Médecins Sans Frontières ("Doctors Without Borders") came out of the suffering in Biafra. During the crisis, French medical volunteers, in addition to Biafran health workers and hospitals, were subjected to attacks by the Nigerian army, and witnessed civilians being murdered and starved by the blockading forces. French doctor Bernard Kouchner also witnessed these events, particularly the huge number of starving children, and when he returned to France, he publicly criticised the Nigerian government and the Red Cross for their seemingly complicit behaviour. With the help of other French doctors, Kouchner put Biafra in the media spotlight and called for an international response to the situation. These doctors, led by Kouchner, concluded that a new aid organisation was needed that would ignore political/religious boundaries and prioritise the welfare of victims.^[8]

In their book Smallpox and its Eradication, Fenner and colleagues describe how vaccine supply shortages during the Biafra smallpox campaign led to the development of the focal vaccination technique, later adopted worldwide by the World Health Organization, which led to the early and cost effective interruption of smallpox transmission in west Africa and elsewhere.

On 29 May 2000, the Lagos Guardian newspaper reported that the now ex-president Olusegun Obasanjo commuted to retirement the dismissal of all military persons who fought for the breakaway state of Biafra during Nigeria's 1967-1970 civil war. In a national broadcast, he said the decision was based on the belief that "justice must at all times be tempered with mercy". It is also thought, that during the previous year, there had been a public resurgence of pro-Biafra sentiment among a section of the Igbo, who claimed that in the Nigerian federation, they have been marginalised.[1]

Violence between Christians and Muslims (usually Igbo Christians and Hausa or Fulani Muslims) has been incessant since the end of the civil war in 1970.

In July 2006 the Center for World Indigenous Studies reported that government sanctioned killings were taking place in the southeastern city of Onitsha, because of a shoot-to-kill policy directed toward Biafran loyalists, particularly members of the Movement for the Actualization of the Sovereign State of Biafra (MASSOB).^[9]

[edit] Meaning of the word "Biafra" and location of Biafra

Little is known about the literal meaning of the word Biafra. Manuel Alvares (1526-1583) in his work "Ethiopia Minor and a geographical account of the Province of Sierra Leone", writes about the "Biafar heathen" in chapter 13. The word Biafar thus appears to have been a common word in the Portuguese language back in the 16th century.

[edit] Historical maps of Biafra

Ancient maps on Africa from the 15th-19th centuries reveal some interesting information about Biafra:

1. The original word used by European travellers was not Biafra but Biafara, Biafar and sometimes also Biafares.
2. The exact original region of Biafra is not restricted to Eastern Nigeria alone. According to the maps, European travellers used the word Biafara to describe the entire region east of the River Niger going down to the Mount Cameroun region, thus including Cameroun and a large area around Gabon.

Maps indicating the word Biafara (sometimes also Biafares or Biafar) with corresponding year:

• 1662
• 1660
• 1707
• 1729

Maps from the 19th century indicating Biafra as the region around today's Cameroon:

• 1843
• Additional maps from the Michigan State University Map Collection

[edit] See also

• Land of the Rising Sun (national anthem), Biafra's national anthem, based on Jean Sibelius' Finlandia Hymn
• Auberon Waugh, who named one of his children "Biafra Waugh" in 1968
• List of A-26 Invader operators
• Manillas - An early form of coinage from this area
• Nigerian Civil War
• Radio Northsea International - media reports and publications suggest that the financing of this radio ship was derived from income earned by its Swiss owners for their logistic support provided to the government of Biafra. See also Pan Am Flight 103 bombing trial and section 'Accused': "In the run-up to the trial, the Prosecution had considered bringing charges against Swiss businessman, Edwin Bollier, of the electronics firm Mebo Ag. But the Prosecution decided that, unless evidence to incriminate Bollier were to be adduced during the trial, he would not be included as a co-conspirator in causing the bombing."
• Republic of Benin - A nation (not to be confused with modern Benin) that declared its "independence" while under Biafran occupation.
• Ambazonia, a linguistically similar neighboring region in Cameroon which experienced similar separatist sentiment.

[edit] References

[edit] Additional reading

[edit] Nonfiction

[edit] Articles

• Secret papers reveal Biafra intrigue. A 2000 BBC article describing the Biafran war as a power contest between Britain, France, and the USSR.
• Biafra: Killer Cessnas and Crazy Swedes,. Archived from the original on 2007-08-09. by Gary Brecher A 2004 article on the history of Biafra, including Carl Gustaf von Rosen's support for Biafra and the mass starvation that marked the end of the war.
• Hot Biafra Nights by Zach Dundas. A 2000 interview of author Andrew Vachss, who went to Biafra to serve in the relief effort in 1969.

[edit] Books

• Requiem Biafra by Joe Achuzia, ISBN 978-156-256-0. (1986)
• The Biafra Story by Frederick Forsyth, ISBN 0-85052-854-2. (1969)
• Biafra: A People Betrayed by Kurt Vonnegut, from Wampeters, Foma and Granfalloons, ISBN 0-385-33381-1. (1974)
• Surviving in Biafra: The Story of the Nigerian Civil War by Alfred Obiora Uzokwe, ISBN 0-595-26366-6. (2003)
• The Banknotes of Biafra by Peter Symes [Printed privately] (2000) [2]
• Surviving the iron curtain: A microscopic view of what life was like, inside a war-torn region by Chief Uche Jim Ojiaku, ISBN-10: 1424170702; ISBN-13: 978-1424170708 (2007)
• The Last Adventurer by Rolf Steiner.
• "Chapter Nine: Tanzania Recognizes Biafra", pp. 268 - 304, in Godfrey Mwakikagile, Nyerere and Africa: End of an Era, Third Edition, New Africa Press, Pretoria, South Africa, 2006, ISBN 978-0980253412; "Part One: The Nigeria Civil War: Implosion of A Federal State and Its Implications for Africa Today," pp. 1 - 80, in Godfrey Mwakikagile, Ethnic Politics in Kenya and Nigeria: A Comparative Study, First Edition, Nova Science Publishers, Inc., Huntington, New York, 2001; Godfrey Mwakikagile, Africa and America in The Sixties: A Decade That Changed The Nation and The Destiny of A Continent, First Edition, New Africa Press, 2006, ISBN 978-0980253429.

[edit] Fiction

• Half of a Yellow Sun by Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie, a novel in which life in East Nigeria for the Igbo people is juxtaposed with their life during war torn Biafra. ISBN 978-0-00-720028-3. (2006)
• The Ship's Cat by Jock Brandis, a fictional account of the Oxfam Air Relief flights that penetrated the military blockade around Biafra.
• Any Human Heart by William Boyd includes a section describing Nigerian life and the collapse of the Biafran republic
• Sugar Baby by Chinua Achebe is a short story that takes place in Biafra
• Girls at War by Chinua Achebe is a short story collection about the Biafran War
• Destination Biafra by Buchi Emecheta a novel set during the Biafran War
• Estragement by Elechi Amadi a novel about the aftermath of the Biafran War
• Titi: Biafran Maid in Geneva by Chike Momah : a novel that portrays the Biafran War from the perspective of an African community in Geneva.

[edit] Music

• Roland the Headless Thompson Gunner by Warren Zevon, 1978
• San Francisco punk band Dead Kennedys lead singer Jello Biafra takes his stage name from the republic

[edit] External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to:

Biafra

• Biafraland - site of the Biafra Actualization Forum
• Writer Okey Ndibe's memoir of the Biafran War in Guernica (guernicamag.com)
• These Women Are Brave - A project on Igbo women's experiences during the Biafran war. Includes video and audio recordings of oral histories.
• MASSOBUSA - United States website of the Movement for the Actualization of the Sovereign State of Biafra
• STP x Biafra, 40 anos da ponte aérea de ajuda humanitária desde São Tomé