Beta adrenergic receptor kinase-2

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia


Adrenergic, beta, receptor kinase 2
Identifiers
Symbol(s) ADRBK2; BARK2; GRK3
External IDs OMIM: 109636 MGI: 87941 HomoloGene: 21072
RNA expression pattern

More reference expression data
Orthologs
Human Mouse
Entrez 157 320129
Ensembl ENSG00000100077 ENSMUSG00000042249
Uniprot P35626 Q8BVT9
Refseq NM_005160 (mRNA)
NP_005151 (protein)		 NM_001035531 (mRNA)
NP_001030608 (protein)
Location Chr 22: 24.29 - 24.45 Mb Chr 5: 113.15 - 113.26 Mb
Pubmed search [1] [2]

Adrenergic, beta, receptor kinase 2, also known as ADRBK2, is a human gene.[1]

The beta-adrenergic receptor kinase specifically phosphorylates the agonist-occupied form of the beta-adrenergic and related G protein-coupled receptors. Overall, the beta adrenergic receptor kinase 2 has 85% amino acid similarity with beta adrenergic receptor kinase 1, with the protein kinase catalytic domain having 95% similarity. These data suggest the existence of a family of receptor kinases which may serve broadly to regulate receptor function.[1]

Beta adrenergic receptor kinase-2 (ARBK2, BARK-2, G-protein-coupled receptor kinase 3, GRK3) is an intracellular enzyme that phosphorylates G protein-coupled receptors. It was cloned from mice and rats in 1991,[2]. The human gene was cloned in 1993.[3]

In 2003, a group of American and Canadian researchers published a paper that used gene linkage techniques to identify a mutation in the GRK3 gene as a possible cause of up to 10% of cases of bipolar disorder.[4] Beta adrenergic receptor kinase-2 appears to affect dopamine metabolism.

Subsequent studies, while noting that chromosome 22q12 may harbor a risk gene for schizophrenia, did not find that the gene coding for beta adrenergic receptor kinase-2 was linked to schizophrenia.[5]


[edit] References

  1. ^ a b Entrez Gene: ADRBK2 adrenergic, beta, receptor kinase 2.
  2. ^ Benovic, J. L. (1991). ""Cloning, expression, and chromosomal localization of beta-adrenergic receptor kinase 2: a new member of the receptor kinase family"". J. Biol. Chem. 266: 14939–14946. 
  3. ^ Parruti, G. (1993). ""Molecular cloning, functional expression and mRNA analysis of human beta-adrenergic receptor kinase 2."". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 190: 475–481. 
  4. ^ Barrett, T B (2003). ""Evidence that a single nucleotide polymorphism in the promoter of the G protein receptor kinase 3 gene is associated with bipolar disorder"". Molecular Psychiatry 8: 546–557. 
  5. ^ Yu, SY (2004). ""Mutation screening and association study of the beta-adrenergic receptor kinase 2 gene in schizophrenia families."". Psychiatry Res. 125: 95–104. 

[edit] Further reading

  • Benovic JL, Onorato JJ, Arriza JL, et al. (1991). "Cloning, expression, and chromosomal localization of beta-adrenergic receptor kinase 2. A new member of the receptor kinase family.". J. Biol. Chem. 266 (23): 14939–46. PMID 1869533. 
  • Calabrese G, Sallese M, Stornaiuolo A, et al. (1995). "Chromosome mapping of the human arrestin (SAG), beta-arrestin 2 (ARRB2), and beta-adrenergic receptor kinase 2 (ADRBK2) genes.". Genomics 23 (1): 286–8. doi:10.1006/geno.1994.1497. PMID 7695743. 
  • Parruti G, Ambrosini G, Sallese M, De Blasi A (1993). "Molecular cloning, functional expression and mRNA analysis of human beta-adrenergic receptor kinase 2.". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 190 (2): 475–81. PMID 8427589. 
  • Oppermann M, Freedman NJ, Alexander RW, Lefkowitz RJ (1996). "Phosphorylation of the type 1A angiotensin II receptor by G protein-coupled receptor kinases and protein kinase C.". J. Biol. Chem. 271 (22): 13266–72. PMID 8662816. 
  • Premont RT, Claing A, Vitale N, et al. (1998). "beta2-Adrenergic receptor regulation by GIT1, a G protein-coupled receptor kinase-associated ADP ribosylation factor GTPase-activating protein.". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 95 (24): 14082–7. PMID 9826657. 
  • Oppermann M, Mack M, Proudfoot AE, Olbrich H (1999). "Differential effects of CC chemokines on CC chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5) phosphorylation and identification of phosphorylation sites on the CCR5 carboxyl terminus.". J. Biol. Chem. 274 (13): 8875–85. PMID 10085131. 
  • Dunham I, Shimizu N, Roe BA, et al. (1999). "The DNA sequence of human chromosome 22.". Nature 402 (6761): 489–95. doi:10.1038/990031. PMID 10591208. 
  • Inngjerdingen M, Damaj B, Maghazachi AA (2000). "Human NK cells express CC chemokine receptors 4 and 8 and respond to thymus and activation-regulated chemokine, macrophage-derived chemokine, and I-309.". J. Immunol. 164 (8): 4048–54. PMID 10754297. 
  • Celver JP, Lowe J, Kovoor A, et al. (2001). "Threonine 180 is required for G-protein-coupled receptor kinase 3- and beta-arrestin 2-mediated desensitization of the mu-opioid receptor in Xenopus oocytes.". J. Biol. Chem. 276 (7): 4894–900. doi:10.1074/jbc.M007437200. PMID 11060299. 
  • Blaukat A, Pizard A, Breit A, et al. (2001). "Determination of bradykinin B2 receptor in vivo phosphorylation sites and their role in receptor function.". J. Biol. Chem. 276 (44): 40431–40. doi:10.1074/jbc.M107024200. PMID 11517230. 
  • Wang J, Guan E, Roderiquez G, et al. (2002). "Role of tyrosine phosphorylation in ligand-independent sequestration of CXCR4 in human primary monocytes-macrophages.". J. Biol. Chem. 276 (52): 49236–43. doi:10.1074/jbc.M108523200. PMID 11668182. 
  • Obara K, Arai K, Tomita Y, et al. (2002). "G-protein coupled receptor kinase 2 and 3 expression in human detrusor cultured smooth muscle cells.". Urol. Res. 29 (5): 325–9. PMID 11762794. 
  • Mandyam CD, Thakker DR, Christensen JL, Standifer KM (2002). "Orphanin FQ/nociceptin-mediated desensitization of opioid receptor-like 1 receptor and mu opioid receptors involves protein kinase C: a molecular mechanism for heterologous cross-talk.". J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 302 (2): 502–9. doi:10.1124/jpet.102.033159. PMID 12130708. 
  • Strausberg RL, Feingold EA, Grouse LH, et al. (2003). "Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences.". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99 (26): 16899–903. doi:10.1073/pnas.242603899. PMID 12477932. 
  • Barrett TB, Hauger RL, Kennedy JL, et al. (2004). "Evidence that a single nucleotide polymorphism in the promoter of the G protein receptor kinase 3 gene is associated with bipolar disorder.". Mol. Psychiatry 8 (5): 546–57. doi:10.1038/sj.mp.4001268. PMID 12808434. 
  • Ota T, Suzuki Y, Nishikawa T, et al. (2004). "Complete sequencing and characterization of 21,243 full-length human cDNAs.". Nat. Genet. 36 (1): 40–5. doi:10.1038/ng1285. PMID 14702039. 
  • Dzimiri N, Muiya P, Andres E, Al-Halees Z (2005). "Differential functional expression of human myocardial G protein receptor kinases in left ventricular cardiac diseases.". Eur. J. Pharmacol. 489 (3): 167–77. doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2004.03.015. PMID 15087239. 
  • Teli T, Markovic D, Levine MA, et al. (2005). "Regulation of corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor type 1alpha signaling: structural determinants for G protein-coupled receptor kinase-mediated phosphorylation and agonist-mediated desensitization.". Mol. Endocrinol. 19 (2): 474–90. doi:10.1210/me.2004-0275. PMID 15498832. 
  • Feng YH, Wang L, Wang Q, et al. (2005). "ATP stimulates GRK-3 phosphorylation and beta-arrestin-2-dependent internalization of P2X7 receptor.". Am. J. Physiol., Cell Physiol. 288 (6): C1342–56. doi:10.1152/ajpcell.00315.2004. PMID 15728711. 
  • Rual JF, Venkatesan K, Hao T, et al. (2005). "Towards a proteome-scale map of the human protein-protein interaction network.". Nature 437 (7062): 1173–8. doi:10.1038/nature04209. PMID 16189514. 

[edit] External links

 This genetics article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
 This disease article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.