Bernard Saisset

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Bernard Saisset (c. 1232 – c. 1314) was an Occitan bishop of Pamiers, in the County of Foix in the south of France, whose outspoken disrespect for Philip IV of France incurred charges of high treason in the overheated atmosphere of tension between the King and his ministry and Pope Boniface VIII, leading up to the papal bull Unam sanctam of 1302.

Bernard Saisset is famous in French history for his opposition to Philip IV. As an ardent Occitan aristocrat of an old noble family, he despised the northern "Frankish" French, and publicly demonstrated it by decrying the Parisian bishop of Toulouse, Pierre de la Chapelle-Taillefer, as "useless to the Church and the country, because he was of a speech that was always an enemy... because the people of the country hate him because of that language."

Further, Saisset was sent in 1301 as papal legate to Philip IV to protest the king's anticlerical measures. But on his return to Pamiers he was denounced to the king as having tried to raise a rebellion of Occitan independence, associated with Navarre, under the banner of the Count of Foix (with whom Saisset had until very recently been embroiled in the courts). The king charged two northerners, Richard Leneveu, archdeacon of Auge in the diocese of Lisieux, and Jean de Picquigni, vidame of Amiens, to make an investigation, which lasted several months. Philip's ministry had a well-earned reputation for judicial violence, and Saisset was on the point of escaping to Rome when the vidame of Amiens surprised him by night in his episcopal palace at Pamiers. He was brought to Senlis, and on October 24, 1301 he appeared before Philip and his court. The chancellor, Pierre Flotte, charged him with high treason, and the old charges of heresy and blasphemy that were always easily levelled against 13th century Occitans, and for saying that Saint Louis was going to Hell and should never have been canonized, and other less than credible charges. By a judicial fiction he was placed in the comparative safe keeping of his own metropolitan, the archbishop of Narbonne.

Philip IV tried to obtain from the pope the canonical degradation of Saisset that was necessary before proceeding against him. Boniface VIII, instead, ordered the king to free the bishop, in order that he might go to Rome to justify himself, which opened a new stage in the quarrel between the pope and king that had been simmering since the Bull Clericis laicos of 1296. In the heat of the new struggle, Saisset was fortunately forgotten. He had been turned over in February 1302 into the keeping of Jacques des Normands, the papal legate, and was ordered to leave the kingdom at once. He lived at Rome until after the incident at Anagni.

In 1308, with a more tractable new pope (Clement VII) in residence at Avignon, the king pardoned Saisset, and restored him to his see. He died in Pamiers, still bishop of Pamiers, about 1314.

Saisset had already been abbot of Saint Antonin of Pamiers in 1268, where he had first come into conflict with Philip IV's aggressive moves on a more local level. The headstrong abbot energetically sustained the centuries-old struggle with the Counts of Foix, represented in Saisset's time by Roger Bernard III (1265-1302), over the lordship of the small city of Pamiers, which had been shared between counts and abbots by the feudal contract of pariage (compare the History of Andorra, further south in the Pyrenees). Philip IV attempted to give the abbey's share of the city to Foix, and Saisset complained to Rome and opposed the plans in court.

Boniface VIII, detaching the city of Pamiers from the diocese of Toulouse in 1295, made it the seat of a new bishopric and raised the faithful Saisset to the new see. In 1297, following an agreement confirming the common rights of count and bishop, the Pope lifted the ban of excommunication incurred by the Count. Saisset absolved him in the refectory of the Dominican monastery in Pamiers (1300), but the affair may still have rankled.