User:Bendono/Drafts/Early Modern Japanese
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| Early Modern Japanese 近世日本語 |
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|---|---|---|
| Spoken in: | Japan | |
| Language extinction: | Evolved into Modern Japanese in the mid-19th century | |
| Language family: | Japonic Early Modern Japanese |
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| Writing system: | Hiragana, Katakana, and Han | |
| Language codes | ||
| ISO 639-1: | none | |
| ISO 639-2: | – | |
| ISO 639-3: | – | |
| Note: This page may contain IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode. | ||
Early Modern Japanese (近世日本語 kinsei nihongo?) is a stage of the Japanese language following Middle Japanese and proceeding Modern Japanese.[1] It is a period of transition in which the language sheds many of its medieval characteristics and becomes closer to its modern form.
The period spanned roughly 250 years extending from the 17th century through half of the 19th century. Politically, this generally corresponds with the Edo period.
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[edit] Background
At the beginning of the 17th century, the center of government moved to Edo under the control of the Tokugawa shogunate. The country closed its borders to foreigners. Compared to the previous centuries, the Tokugawa rule brought about much stability. Due to the stability, the importance of the warrior class gradually fell to be replaced by the merchant. There was much economic growth and new forms of artistic developments such as ukiyo-e, kabuki, and bunraku. New literary genres such as ukiyozōshi, sharebon (pleasure districts), Kokkeibon (commoners), and ninjōbon developed. Major authors included Ihara Saikaku, Chikamatsu Monzaemon, Matsuo Bashō, Shikitei Sanba, and Santō Kyōden.
[edit] Phonology
[edit] Vowels
There were five vowels: /i, e, a, o, u/.
- /i/: [i]
- /e/: [e]
- /a/: [a]
- /o/: [o]
- /u/: [ɯ]
During Middle Japanese, /e/ and /o/ were realized as semivowels [j] and [w], respectively. Both are realized as full vowels by the middle of the 18th century.[2]
The high vowels /i, u/ become voiceless [i̥, ɯ̥] between voiceless consonants or the end of the word. This is noted in a number of foreign texts[3]:
- Diego Collado Ars Grammaticae Iaponicae Lingvae (1632) gives word final examples: gozàru > gozàr, fitòtçu > fitòtç, and àxi no fàra > àx no fàra.
- E. Kæmpfel's "Geschichte und Beschreibung Von Japan" (1777-1779) and C. P. Thunberg's "Resa uti Europa, Africa, Asia" (1788-1793) list word-medial examples: kurosaki > krosaki, atsuka > atska.
[edit] Long vowels
Middle Japanese had two types of long o: [ɔː] and [oː]. During this period, both of these merged into [oː] by first half of the 17th century.[4] During the transition, instances of ɔː had a tendency to temporarily became short[5][6]
- nomɔː > nomo "drink"
- hayɔː > hayo "quickly"
In addition, each of the other vowels could be lengthened due to various contractions.[7][8]
- /ai/ > [eː]: sekai > sekeː "world", saigo > seːgo "last"
- /ae/ > [eː]: kaeru > keːru "frog", namae > nameː "name"
- /oi/ > [eː]: omoɕiroi > omoɕireː
- /ie/ > [eː]: oɕieru > oɕeːru "teach"
- /ui/ > [iː]: warui > wariː
- /i wa/ > [jaː]: kiki wa > kikjaː "listening"
- /o wa/ > [aː]: nanzo wa > nanzaː (grammar)
The long /uː/ developed during Middle Japanese and remains unchanged.
[edit] Consonants
Middle Japanese had the following consonant inventory:
| Bilabial | Alveolar | Postalveolar | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Glottal | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Stop | p b | t d | k g | ||||
| Affricate | t͡s d͡z | t͡ʃ d͡ʒ | |||||
| Nasal | m | n | ɴ | ||||
| Fricative | ɸ | s z | ɕ | ç | h | ||
| Flap | ɺ | ||||||
| Approximant | j | ɰ |
/t, s, z, h/ each have a number of allophones found before the high vowels [i, ɯ]:
- t -> t͡ʃ / __i
- t -> t͡s / __ɯ
- z -> d͡ʒ / __i
- z -> d͡z / __ɯ
- h -> ç / __i
- h -> ɸ / __ɯ
Several major developments occurred:
- /zi, di/ and /zu, du/, respectively, no longer contrast
- /h/ partially develops from [ɸ] into [h, ç]
- /se/ looses its palatalization and becomes [se]
Middle Japanese had a syllable final -t. This is gradually replaced with the open syllable /tu/.
[edit] Labialization
The labial /kwa, gwa/ merge with their non-labial counterparts into [ka, ga].[9]
[edit] Palatalization
The consonants /s, z/, /t/, /n/, /h, b/, /p/, /m/, and /r/ could be palatalized.
Depalatalization may also be seen in the Edo dialect:
- hyakunin issyu > hyakunisi
- /teisyu/ > /teisi/ "lord"
- /zyumyoː/ > /zimyoː/ "life"
[edit] Prenasalization
Middile Japanese had a series of prenasalized voiced plosives and fricatives: [ng, nz, nd, mb]. During this stage they loose their prenasalization resulting in g, z, d, b.
[edit] Grammar
[edit] Verbs
Early Modern Japanese has five verbal conjugation:
| Verb Class | Irrealis 未然形 |
Adverbial 連用形 |
Conclusive 終止形 |
Attributive 連体形 |
Hypothetical 仮定形 |
Imperative 命令形 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Quadrigrade (四段) | -a | -i | -u | -u | -e | -e |
| Upper Monograde(上一段) | -i | -i | -iru | -iru | -ire | -i(yo, ro) |
| Lower Monograde (下一段) | -e | -e | -eru | -eru | -ere | -e(yo, ro) |
| K-irregular (カ変) | -o | -i | -uru | -uru | -ure | -oi |
| S-irregular (サ変) | -e, -a, -i | -i | -uru | -uru | -ure | -ei, -iro |
As already begun during Middle Japanese, the verbal morphology system continues to evolve. The total number of verb classes is reduced from nine to five. Specifically, the r-irregular and n-irregular regularize as quadrigrade, and the upper and lower bigrade classes merge with their respective monograde. This leaves the quadrigrade, upper monograde, lower monograde, k-irregular, s-irregular.[10]
[edit] Adjectives
There were two types of adjectives: regular adjectives and adjectival nouns.
Historically the adjective was sub-classified into two types: those where the adverbial form ends in -ku and those that end in –siku. That distinction is lost during this stage.
| Irrealis 未然形 |
Adverbial 連用形 |
Conclusive 終止形 |
Attributive 連体形 |
Hypothetical 仮定形 |
Imperative 命令形 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| -kara | -ku | -i | -i | -kere | -kare |
Historically the adjectival noun was sub-classified into two categories: -nar and -tar. During this stage, -tar vanishes leaving only -na.
| Irrealis 未然形 |
Adverbial 連用形 |
Conclusive 終止形 |
Attributive 連体形 |
Hypothetical 仮定形 |
Imperative 命令形 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| -dara | -ni -de |
-na -da |
-na | -nare -nara |
[edit] Notes
[edit] References
- Kondō, Yasuhiro; Masayuki Tsukimoto, Katsumi Sugiura (2005). Nihongo no Rekishi (in Japanese). Hōsō Daigaku Kyōiku Shinkōkai. ISBN 4-595-30547-8.
- Martin, Samuel E. (1987). The Japanese Language Through Time. Yale University. ISBN 0-300-03729-5.
- Matsumura, Akira (1971). Nihon Bunpō Daijiten (in Japanese). Meiji Shoin. ISBN 4-6254-0055-4.
- Miyake, Marc Hideo (2003). Old Japanese : a phonetic reconstruction. London; New York: RoutledgeCurzon. ISBN 0-415-30575-6.
- Nakata, Norio (1972). Kōza Kokugoshi: Dai 2 kan: On'inshi, Mojishi (in Japanese). Taishūkan Shoten.
- Shibatani, Masayoshi (1990). The Languages of Japan. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-36918-5.
- Yamaguchi, Akiho; Hideo Suzuki, Ryūzō Sakanashi, Masayuki Tsukimoto (1997). Nihongo no Rekishi (in Japanese). Tōkyō Daigaku Shuppankai. ISBN 4-13-082004-4.
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