Benjamin d'Urban
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Major-General Sir Benjamin d'Urban (1777 – 25 May, 1849) was a British general and colonial administrator, who is best known for his frontier policy when he was the Governor in the Cape Colony (now in South Africa).
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[edit] Early career
D'Urban was born in Halesworth, and joined the British Army in 1793, enlisting as a cornet in the Queen's Bays at the age of sixteen. He made rapid progress in the Army and distinguished himself in the Peninsular War. Assigned to the Portuguese army, he was quartermaster general and chief-of-staff to William Carr Beresford, 1st Viscount Beresford. He served in all the principal sieges and battles, never asked to go on leave and was laden with honors including Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath and Knight Commander of the Royal Guelphic Order.
Brigadier General D'Urban was given command of a Portuguese cavalry brigade consisting of the 1st, 11th and 12th Dragoons.[1] At the Battle of Salamanca on July 22, 1812, d'Urban's troopers performed well while assisting the 3rd Division's attack on the French left flank. During the Siege of Burgos campaign, d'Urban's horsemen were routed in an action at Majadahonda (Las Rozas)[2] on August 11, losing 108 men.[3] His brigade was present but not engaged at the Battle of Vitoria in June 1813.
[edit] Foreign service
In 1819, d'Urban was made Governor of Antigua. In 1824 he became lieutenant governor of Demerara-Essequibo, where in 1831 he carried out the amalgamation with Berbice to form British Guiana, of which he was its first governor (1831-33). Three years later he was appointed to the post of Governor of the Cape Colony.
In January 1834 in South Africa d'Urban took office as governor and commander in chief of the Cape Colony. His administration was complicated by the exodus of Dutch farmers to the far north and east (known as the Great Trek) and the outbreak of the Cape Frontier Wars of (1834-1835) created by incursions of Bantu-speaking Xhosa peoples. He drove back the invaders and annexed the territory between the Keiskamma and Great Kei (Groot-Kei) rivers. He abolished slavery, established municipal and legislative councils, occupied Natal, now KwaZulu-Natal, and named it as a new colony for the British Empire. To commemorate this the name of the principal port was changed in 1835 from Port Natal to Durban.
[edit] Trouble
Although d'Urban was popular with the white colonists, his treatment of the Africans disturbed John Philip who went to England to gave evidence before a parliamentary committee and aroused public opinion against d'Urban. The public outcry influenced Charles Grant, 1st Baron Glenelg, the colonial secretary. In a despatch dated May 1, 1837, Glenelg dismissed D'Urban, who remained governor until the arrival of his successor in January 1838 and continued in his military capacity in South Africa until 1846.
[edit] Later career
In 1842 d'Urban declined a high military appointment in British Raj India offered him by Sir Robert Peel.
In January 1847 he accepted appointment as commander of Her Majesty's forces in British North America. There were border disputes and a threat of invasion by the United States into Canada near Montreal. Early in 1847 he set up his headquarters in Montreal.
He remained in Montreal until his death in 1849. He was originally buried at the Papineau military cemetery in Montreal. However, the graves had to be moved because they were in the way of building a new access ramp to the Jacques-Cartier bridge. Sir Benjamin d'Urban's remains now rest at the National Field of Honour, a military cemetery owned by the Last Post Fund in Pointe Claire where there is an obelisk to his memory.
[edit] References
- Glover, Michael. The Peninsular War 1807-1814. London: Penguin, 2001. ISBN 0-141-39041-7
- Oman, Charles. Wellington's Army, 1809-1814. London: Greenhill, (1913) 1993. ISBN 0-947898-41-7
- Smith, Digby. The Napoleonic Wars Data Book. London: Greenhill, 1998. ISBN 1-85367-276-9
[edit] Footnotes
| Government offices | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by George William Ramsay |
Governor of Antigua 1819–1826 |
Succeeded by Sir Patrick Ross |
| New creation | Governor of British Guiana 1831–1833 |
Succeeded by James Carmichael Smyth |
| Preceded by Sir Lowry Cole |
Governor of the Cape Colony 1834–1838 |
Succeeded by Sir George Thomas Napier |
