Beiyang

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The term Beiyang (Chinese: 北洋; pinyin: Běiyáng; Wade-Giles: Peiyang; meaning 'Northern Ocean') originated toward the end of the Qing Dynasty, and it referred to the coastal areas of Zhili (Traditional Chinese:直隸, Simplified Chinese: 直隶, pinyin: Zhílì) (today's Hebei), Henan, and Shandong in northeast China.

Minister of Beiyang's (北洋通商大臣) position was to be hold by the Viceroy of Zhili. Its main responsibilities were trade relations and occasionally foreign affairs.

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