Battle of the Niemen River
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- This article is about the 1920 battle. For Second World War battle, see battle of the Niemen River (1944).
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Battle of the Niemen | |||||||
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Part of the Polish-Soviet War | |||||||
Battle of the Niemen. Allegorical painting by Wojciech Kossak. |
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Belligerents | |||||||
Russia | Poland | ||||||
Commanders | |||||||
Mikhail Tukhachevsky | Józef Piłsudski | ||||||
Strength | |||||||
~100,000 on the Western Front (September 1) | 96,300 (September 15) | ||||||
Casualties and losses | |||||||
40,000+ | 7,000 |
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The Battle of the Niemen River was the second-greatest battle of the Polish-Soviet War. It took place near the middle Neman River between the cities of Suwałki, Grodno and Białystok. After having suffered almost complete defeat in the Battle of Warsaw (August 1920), Mikhail Tukhachevski's Red Army forces tried to establish a defensive line, against Józef Piłsudski's counter-attacking Polish Army, running northward from the Polish-Lithuanian border to Polesie, and centering on Grodno. Between September 15 and September 25, 1920, the Poles outflanked the Soviets, once again defeating them. After the mid-October Battle of the Szczara River, the Polish Army had reached the Tarnopol-Dubno-Minsk-Drisa line.
[edit] Opposing forces
Both the Polish Army and the opposing Red Army suffered heavy casualties in the course of war, and especially during the Russian summer offensive of 1920. Moreover, both opposing armies were still in the phase of organisation. By August, the Poles mobilised almost 1 million men, which allowed to reinforce most front-line units to approximately 50-60% of their nominal strength. Out of that number almost 350 000 were in active service on the eastern front, while the rest served in other units or were still training. The Polish brigades and divisions were usually ill-equipped, but were commanded by experienced officers, veterans of the Great War and the subsequent Polish-Ukrainian War. Moreover, with fresh forces arriving to the front almost every week the reserves of the Polish C-i-C were sufficient for waging an offensive war.
The Red Army suffered heavy casualties in the Battle of Warsaw in August and lacked organisation. Although the reserves of fresh, untrained recruits were almost unlimited, the Russian units lacked experienced officers. Also, in the course of the war the Soviet forces lost large parts of their artillery, which was usually used on the battlefield as a last stand against the assaulting enemy. This tactics allowed the Poles to outgun their enemies. Also, the Russian air forces were almost non-existent while the Polish Army could use its few aeroplanes to successfully disrupt enemy moves and conduct intelligence operations.
The Red Army was organised in several fronts. The Western Front facing the Poles had more than 700,000 soldiers in August. However, large part of its forces were either taken prisoner of war by the Poles, interned in East Prussia or routed. After the arrival of 68,000 reinforcements in August and additional 20,500 in September, the forces of Tukhachevski reached approximately 20 to 40% of their nominal strength. However, both the morale and the reinforcement abilities of the Russian troops were seriously harassed.
[edit] Polish Army
The order of battle of the Polish Army as after the reorganisation of September 11. The position of units as of September 15, 1920. The armies and divisions are listed north to south.
Polish Army | Army | Operational Group | Unit | Remarks | |||||||||
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Józef Piłsudski HQ in Białystok |
2nd Army Edward Rydz |
Shielding group Left flank, facing Lithuania |
Siberian Brigade Rumsza |
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17th Greater Polish Division Osiński |
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Wing Group / Assault Group west of Grodno and in Suwałki area |
1st Polish Legions Infantry Division Dąb-Biernacki |
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1st Lithuanian-Belarusian Division Rządkowski |
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II Cavalry Brigade |
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IV Cavalry Brigade Nieniewski |
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Front Group west of Grodno, ordered to hold out the enemy |
22nd Volunteer Infantry Division Koc |
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21st Mountain Infantry Division Galica |
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Right Flank Niemen river crossing in Mosty Zaniemeńskie |
3rd Polish Legions Infantry Division Berbecki |
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4th Army Leonard Skierski |
Main Forces | 15th Greater Polish Division Jung |
Upper Rosia river | ||||||||||
14th Greater Polish Division Konarzewski |
to the NE of Prużana | ||||||||||||
11th Infantry Division Małachowski |
to the NE of Kobryń | ||||||||||||
16th Pomeranian Division Ładoś |
Kobryń-Pińsk railroad and highway | ||||||||||||
Garrison of Brześć Fortress | "Brześć" Fortified Area ? |
ca. 1200 men | |||||||||||
3rd Army Władysław Sikorski |
Left wing Wołyń area |
Bułak-Bałachowicz's Group Bułak-Bałachowicz |
ca. 1500 men, formed of deserters from the Red Army and other Russian and Belarusian volunteers | ||||||||||
18th Infantry Division Krajowski |
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Main forces between Wołyń and Lwów |
2nd Polish Legions Division Żymierski |
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7th Infantry Division Szubert |
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9th Infantry Division Narbut-Łuczyński |
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10th Infantry Division Żeligowski |
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Dreszer's Cavalry group Dreszer |
3rd and 9th cavalry brigades, later renamed to 2nd Cavalry Division | ||||||||||||
Haller's Operational Group Haller von Hallenburg |
1st Cavalry Division Rómmel |
temporarily attached | |||||||||||
13th Infantry Division Haller de Hallenburg |
temporarily attached | ||||||||||||
Allied troops |
Don Cossacks' Brigade col. Salnikov |
Only 251 soldiers and officers | |||||||||||
Kuban Cossacks' Brigade mjr. Yakovlev |
Only 614 soldiers and officers | ||||||||||||
Garrison of Zamość |
6th Ukrainian Division Bezruchko |
token forces left in the city after the Battle of Komarów | |||||||||||
6th Army Wacław Iwaszkiewicz |
Januszajtis' Group towards Płoskirów |
12th Infantry Division Żegota-Januszajtis |
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Latinik's Group around Lwów |
5th Infantry Division Szymański? |
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8th Infantry Division Burhardt-Bukacki |
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I Cavalry Brigade | Narajówka river, Złota Lipa - east of Lwów | ||||||||||||
Jędrzejowski's Group around Lwów |
7th Infantry Division K. Szubert? |
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13th Infantry Division Pawlik |
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Organic cavalry |
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Ukrainian Army Mykhailo Omelianovych-Pavlenko |
1st to 5th Infantry Divisions and 1st Cavalry |
Only nominally, en cadre and had 8189 officers and 8202 soldiers (mostly cavalrymen). Reserve of the 6th Army south of Lwów. |