Battle of the Niemen River

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This article is about the 1920 battle. For Second World War battle, see battle of the Niemen River (1944).
Battle of the Niemen
Part of the Polish-Soviet War
Battle of Niemen
Battle of the Niemen. Allegorical painting by Wojciech Kossak.
Date September 15-September 25, 1920
Location near Hrodna, along the Niemen River
Result Decisive Polish victory
Belligerents
Russia Poland
Commanders
Mikhail Tukhachevsky Józef Piłsudski
Strength
~100,000 on the Western Front (September 1) 96,300 (September 15)
Casualties and losses
40,000+ 7,000

The Battle of the Niemen River was the second-greatest battle of the Polish-Soviet War. It took place near the middle Neman River between the cities of Suwałki, Grodno and Białystok. After having suffered almost complete defeat in the Battle of Warsaw (August 1920), Mikhail Tukhachevski's Red Army forces tried to establish a defensive line, against Józef Piłsudski's counter-attacking Polish Army, running northward from the Polish-Lithuanian border to Polesie, and centering on Grodno. Between September 15 and September 25, 1920, the Poles outflanked the Soviets, once again defeating them. After the mid-October Battle of the Szczara River, the Polish Army had reached the Tarnopol-Dubno-Minsk-Drisa line.

[edit] Opposing forces

Photo of the battle.
Photo of the battle.

Both the Polish Army and the opposing Red Army suffered heavy casualties in the course of war, and especially during the Russian summer offensive of 1920. Moreover, both opposing armies were still in the phase of organisation. By August, the Poles mobilised almost 1 million men, which allowed to reinforce most front-line units to approximately 50-60% of their nominal strength. Out of that number almost 350 000 were in active service on the eastern front, while the rest served in other units or were still training. The Polish brigades and divisions were usually ill-equipped, but were commanded by experienced officers, veterans of the Great War and the subsequent Polish-Ukrainian War. Moreover, with fresh forces arriving to the front almost every week the reserves of the Polish C-i-C were sufficient for waging an offensive war.

The Red Army suffered heavy casualties in the Battle of Warsaw in August and lacked organisation. Although the reserves of fresh, untrained recruits were almost unlimited, the Russian units lacked experienced officers. Also, in the course of the war the Soviet forces lost large parts of their artillery, which was usually used on the battlefield as a last stand against the assaulting enemy. This tactics allowed the Poles to outgun their enemies. Also, the Russian air forces were almost non-existent while the Polish Army could use its few aeroplanes to successfully disrupt enemy moves and conduct intelligence operations.

The Red Army was organised in several fronts. The Western Front facing the Poles had more than 700,000 soldiers in August. However, large part of its forces were either taken prisoner of war by the Poles, interned in East Prussia or routed. After the arrival of 68,000 reinforcements in August and additional 20,500 in September, the forces of Tukhachevski reached approximately 20 to 40% of their nominal strength. However, both the morale and the reinforcement abilities of the Russian troops were seriously harassed.

[edit] Polish Army

The order of battle of the Polish Army as after the reorganisation of September 11. The position of units as of September 15, 1920. The armies and divisions are listed north to south.

Polish Army Army Operational Group Unit Remarks
 
Józef Piłsudski
HQ in Białystok
2nd Army
Edward Rydz
Shielding group
Left flank, facing Lithuania
Siberian Brigade
Rumsza
17th Greater Polish Division
Osiński
Wing Group / Assault Group
west of Grodno and in Suwałki area
1st Polish Legions Infantry Division
Dąb-Biernacki
1st Lithuanian-Belarusian Division
Rządkowski
II Cavalry Brigade
IV Cavalry Brigade
Nieniewski
Front Group
west of Grodno, ordered to hold out the enemy
22nd Volunteer Infantry Division
Koc
21st Mountain Infantry Division
Galica
Right Flank
Niemen river crossing in Mosty Zaniemeńskie
3rd Polish Legions Infantry Division
Berbecki
4th Army
Leonard Skierski
Main Forces 15th Greater Polish Division
Jung
Upper Rosia river
14th Greater Polish Division
Konarzewski
to the NE of Prużana
11th Infantry Division
Małachowski
to the NE of Kobryń
16th Pomeranian Division
Ładoś
Kobryń-Pińsk railroad and highway
Garrison of Brześć Fortress "Brześć" Fortified Area
?
ca. 1200 men
3rd Army
Władysław Sikorski
Left wing
Wołyń area
Bułak-Bałachowicz's Group
Bułak-Bałachowicz
ca. 1500 men, formed of deserters from the Red Army and other Russian and Belarusian volunteers
18th Infantry Division
Krajowski
Main forces
between Wołyń and Lwów
2nd Polish Legions Division
Żymierski
7th Infantry Division
Szubert
9th Infantry Division
Narbut-Łuczyński
10th Infantry Division
Żeligowski
Dreszer's Cavalry group
Dreszer
3rd and 9th cavalry brigades, later renamed to 2nd Cavalry Division
Haller's Operational Group
Haller von Hallenburg
1st Cavalry Division
Rómmel
temporarily attached
13th Infantry Division
Haller de Hallenburg
temporarily attached
Allied troops
Don Cossacks' Brigade
col. Salnikov
Only 251 soldiers and officers
Kuban Cossacks' Brigade
mjr. Yakovlev
Only 614 soldiers and officers
Garrison of Zamość
6th Ukrainian Division
Bezruchko
token forces left in the city after the Battle of Komarów
6th Army
Wacław Iwaszkiewicz
Januszajtis' Group
towards Płoskirów
12th Infantry Division
Żegota-Januszajtis
Latinik's Group
around Lwów
5th Infantry Division
Szymański?
8th Infantry Division
Burhardt-Bukacki
I Cavalry Brigade Narajówka river, Złota Lipa - east of Lwów
Jędrzejowski's Group
around Lwów
7th Infantry Division
K. Szubert?
13th Infantry Division
Pawlik
Organic cavalry
Ukrainian Army
Mykhailo Omelianovych-Pavlenko
1st to 5th Infantry Divisions and 1st Cavalry
Only nominally, en cadre and had 8189 officers and 8202 soldiers (mostly cavalrymen). Reserve of the 6th Army south of Lwów.