Battle of Tagliacozzo

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The Battle of Tagliacozzo was fought on August 23, 1268 between French forces of Charles of Anjou and the Hohenstaufen forces, a polyglot army of Italian,Spanish, Roman, Arab, and German troops, led by Conradin (called "Corradino" by the Italians^[1]), the sixteen year old Duke of Swabia and claimant to the throne of Sicily. The battle resulted in a victory for Charles, cementing Anjevin rule over the Kingdom of Sicily.

[edit] Antecedents

The German emperors of the Hohenstaufen line, who were long rulers of Sicily, had continually attempted to consolidate their rule in Northern Italy as well, which met the opposition of many Northern Italian states as well as the papacy. The resulting struggle between the papacy and the Holy Roman Empire split the loyalties of many Italians and led to factionalism, the resulting factions being termed the Guelphs and Ghibellines. The death of the German emperor Frederick II of Hohenstaufen in the midst of this struggle found his legitimate heir as King of Sicily, Conradin, in southern Germany, and Sicily under the rule of Conradin's uncle, Manfred of Sicily, the illegitimate son of Frederick II. Manfred's rule in Sicily was at first de facto -- at times along with his legitimate half-brother, Conrad IV, at other times as regent for Conradin -- but in 1257 Manfred simply declared himself king, despite Conradin's claim to the kingdom, purportedly because of rumors of Conradin's death.

Pope Clement IV, determined to check Manfred's growing power, excommunicated him and continued discussions with Charles of Anjou as a secular prince who might, by force of arms, replace the dangerous Hohenstaufens. (These discussions with Charles of Anjou had been initiated by Clement's predecessor, Pope Urban IV, another French pope.) Bolstered by papal resources, which included a crusading tithe granted to combat the "infidel" Hohenstaufen, Charles entered Italy and defeated Manfred at the Battle of Benevento, and began to establish himself as King of Sicily.

After Benevento, Pope Clement IV continued the papal policy of employing Charles to resist the power of the Ghibellines, although with this support was a fear that the Angevins themselves may, like the Hohenstaufen before them, attempt to dominate Northern as well as Southern Italy and thus menace the temporal power of the Holy See, despite explicit promises by Charles that he would not lay claim to Northern Italy. However, the papacy still considered its ancient enemy, the Hohenstaufen line, to be the deadlier foe by far, and when Conradin, now aged 16, challenged Charles' rule of Sicily, and the Tuscan Ghibellines rallied behind Conradin, Clement immediately sought Charles' support in defeating them in Tuscany, ultimately appointing Charles as papal vicar.^[2]

[edit] The battle

After considerable maneuver, Conradin's invading army confronted that of Charles of Anjou outside the town of Tagliacozzo. Each army deployed in three divisions. The first Hohenstaufen division was composed of Spanish and Italian knights, led by the Infant Henry; the second division was largely Italian but included a body of German knights, and was led by Galvano Lancia; the final division contained most of the German knights, and was led by Conradin himself, accompanied by his close friend, the youthful Frederick I, Markgraf von Baden. Charles's first division was composed of Italians, with some Provencal knights, under an unknown commander; the second division contained French knights under Henry of Cousances, and the final division, which Charles led along with the veteran crusader, Count Saint-Valery (who was referred to by the Italians as "Allardo di Valleri" ^[3]), was composed of French veteran knights -- this final division was hidden by Charles at Saint-Valery's advice, in order to constitute a tactical surprise against the Hohenstaufen forces.

Conradin's forces won the inital phase of the battle, and broke up to pursue Charles's first two divisions, which were in flight, and pillage the Angevin camp. At this point Charles sprung his trap, his hidden reserve forces entering the fight and massacring Conradin's scattered forces. Conradin was forced to flee back to Rome, but was later captured and imprisoned. This defeat ended the rule of the Hohenstaufens.

[edit] Notes

[edit] References

• Kleinhenz, Christopher. Medieval Italy: An Encyclopedia, Vol. I, New York and London: Routledge (1980).

• Longfellow, Henry Wordsworth. The Translation of Dante's Divina Commedia by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, with Biographical and Critical Notes, in Three Volumes, Vol. I: Inferno, Boston and New York: Houghton, Mifflin and Company (reprint edition, 1895).