Battle of Stoney Creek

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Battle of Stoney Creek
Part of the War of 1812
Date June 6, 1813 Location Near present day Stoney Creek, Ontario Result British successfully halted American advance from the Niagara frontier into Upper Canada
Belligerents
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland	United States
Commanders
John Vincent John Harvey	John Chandler + # William Winder #
Strength
700	3,400
Casualties and losses
23 dead, 135 wounded 55 missing or captured[1]	17 dead 38 Wounded 100 missing or captured[2]

v • d • e Niagara campaigns Queenston Heights – Fort George – Stoney Creek – Beaver Dams – Fort Niagara – 1st Fort Erie – Chippawa – Lundy's Lane – 2nd Fort Erie - Cook's Mills

The Battle of Stoney Creek was fought on June 6, 1813, during the War of 1812 near present day Stoney Creek, Ontario. British units made a night attack on an American encampment. Due in large part to the capture of both American brigadier generals, and an overestimation of British strength by the Americans, the battle was a victory for the British, and a turning point in the defence of Upper Canada.

Contents 1 Background 2 Battle 3 Aftermath 4 Legacy 5 See also 6 Notes 7 Sources 7.1 Referenced in notes 7.2 General

[edit] Background

On May 27, the Americans had captured the British position at Fort George. The British, under Brigadier General John Vincent retreated to Burlington Heights (at the west end of Burlington Bay). The Americans under the overall leadership of General Henry Dearborn, were slow to pursue. When they did so, a force numbering 3,400 under Brigadier Generals John Chandler and William H. Winder advanced to Stoney Creek, where they encamped on June 5. The two generals set up their headquarters at the Gage Farm.^[3]

One of Vincent's staff officers, Lieutenant Colonel John Harvey, reconnoitred the American position and determined that it was badly placed and inadequately protected. He recommended launching a nighttime attack to take advantage of the element of surprise. A British column of 5 companies, about 700 men in all, from the 8th (King's) and 49th Regiments was formed.^[4]

At this point, the story of Billy Green comes to light. Billy Green was a 19 year old local resident who had witnessed the advance of the Americans from the top of the Niagara Escarpment earlier in the day. Billy's brother-in-law had been briefly captured by the Americans, but was released after he convinced them (truthfully) that he was the cousin of American General William Henry Harrison. In order to be able to pass through the American lines, he was given the challenge response password for the day - Wil-Hen-Har (an abbreviation of Harrison's name). He gave his word of honour that he would not divulge this to the British army. He kept his word, but did reveal the word to Billy Green. Green rode his brother-in-law's horse part way, and ran of foot the rest of the way to Burlington Heights. Here, he revealed the password to Harvey. He was provided with a sword and uniform and used his knowledge of the terrain to guide the British to the American position.^{[5] [6]}

[edit] Battle

The British left their camp at Burlington Heights at 11:30pm on June 5. While Vincent was the senior officer present, the troops were placed under the conduct and direction of John Harvey, who led them silently toward Stoney Creek.^[4] They had removed the flints from their muskets to ensure that there were no accidental firings and dared not utter even a whisper.^[6] A sentry post of American soldiers was surprised either captured or killed by bayonet.^[7]. Billy Green is said to have bayoneted one of the American sentries personally^[5], although this is not mentioned in any official British record. The British continued advancing toward the American campfires in silence, however the Americans had withdrawn behind their fires. As a result, the fires illuminated the British advance and may have been to the advantage of the Americans. As the hope of catching the Americans unaware and bayoneting them in their sleep was now lost, the British fixed their flints to their muskets and attacked. Major Charles Plenderleath led the charge with 40 men of the 49th, capturing the American field guns.^[8] The remaining British forces followed soon after.^[9] The ensuing fight lasted less than 45 minutes, but was intense and led to significant casualties on both sides.^[4]

The American commander, John Chandler, was alerted by the first musket shots. He immediately mounted his horse and rode quickly toward the front, but his horse fell and he was seriously wounded in the fall. He lost consciousness (or, at least awareness) for a short time, and when he awoke he saw soldiers around him and started giving orders. Moments later, he realized his error when it became clear that the soldiers were British. He was taken prisoner, but remained confident that Brig. Gen. Winder would call forward the 5th (which had been kept in reserve). To his horror, he soon learned that Winder had been captured under very similar circumstances.^[10] Major Joseph Lee Smith of the 25th U.S. Infantry saw the capture of Winder and alerted his men to make a quick withdrawal, thereby avoiding capture.^{[citation needed]} Command of the American forces fell to cavalry officer Col. James Burn. The cavalry charged forward firing, but once again in the darkness, the Americans suffered from a case of mistaken identity - they were firing on their own 16th infantry, who were themselves wandering around without their commander and firing at each other in confusion. Shortly afterwards, the Americans fell back, convinced that they had been defeated, when in fact they still retained a superior force.^[11]

As dawn broke, Harvey ordered the outnumbered British to also fall back into the woods in order to hide their small numbers. The British watched from a distance as the Americans returned to their camp in the daylight, burned their provisions and tents and retreated toward Forty Mile Creek (present day Grimsby, Ontario). By afternoon on June 6, the British occupied the former site of the American camp.^[9] They succeeded in carrying away two captured guns, and spiked two more, leaving them on the ground due to their lack of the ability to move them.^[4]

For much of the morning of June 6, Gen. Vincent was nowhere to be found. He had fallen from his horse during the battle and spent the morning hours wandering in a state of confusion, convinced that the entire British force had been destroyed. He was found about seven miles from the battle scene, his horse, hat and sword all missing.^{[3] [12]}

[edit] Aftermath

Casualties in the confused fight had been roughly even, but the Americans had been shaken. It is most probable that if their generals had not been captured, the battle may have turned out quite differently.^[3] However, the British were able to justifiably claim a victory in this battle. Under the de facto leadership of Col. Harvey, and with some good fortune, they had successfully forced the Americans back toward the Niagara River. American forces would never again advance so far from the Niagara.

The American troops retreated to Forty Mile Creek where they were met be reinforcements under Maj. Gen. Morgan Lewis. Gen. Dearborne had ordered Lewis to proceed to Stoney Creek to attack the British. But almost as the two groups met, the British fleet under Sir James Yeo appeared in Lake Ontario. Lewis decided to retreat at once, leaving a large quantity of tents, arms and supplies for the British to acquire. The Americans retired into a small defencive perimeter around Fort George, where they remained until abandoning the fort and retreating across the Niagara River into U.S. territory in December.^[13]

Brigadier General Winder was later exchanged and subsequently commanded the Tenth Military District around Washington, where he attracted censure following the Burning of Washington.

[edit] Legacy

The site of the battle is a National historic site. A stone tower, dedicated exactly 100 years after the battle by Queen Mary, commemorates the British soldiers who died at this location. The Gage farm house is also preserved and serves as a museum. The battle is re-enacted annually on the weekend closest to June 6.^[14]

The battle is commemorated in the song "Billy Green" by Stan Rogers.

[edit] See also

• 8th (King's)
• Fort George
• Friends of Battlefield House Museum and Park site
• City of Hamilton museum site for Battlefield House Museum and Park

[edit] Notes

[edit] Sources

[edit] Referenced in notes

• Berton, Pierre (1981). Flames Across the Border, 1813 - 1814. Canada: Random House Canada. ISBN 0-385-65838-9. 
• Cruikshank, E. A. (ed.) (c.1908). The Documentary History of the Campaign Upon the Niagara Frontier - Part VI. Welland, Ontario: Lundy's Lane Historical Society. 
• Hitsman, J. Mackay (1999). The Incredible War of 1812 - A military History. Cap-Saint-Ignace, Quebec: Robin Brass Studio. ISBN 1-896941-13-3. 

[edit] General

• John R. Elting, Amateurs to Arms, Da Capo Press, New York, 1995, ISBN 0-306-80653-3
• Jon Latimer, 1812: War with America, Harvard University Press, 2007, ISBN 0-67402-584-9
• Morris Zaslow (ed). The Defended Border, Macmillan of Canada, 1964, ISBN 0-7705-1242-9