Battle of Modder River
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| Battle of Modder River | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part of Second Boer War | |||||||
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| Belligerents | |||||||
 The British Empire |
 Transvaal Republic |
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| Commanders | |||||||
| Lord Methuen | Piet Cronje | ||||||
| Strength | |||||||
| 8000[1] | 9000[1] | ||||||
| Casualties and losses | |||||||
| 450[1] | 75[1] | ||||||
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The Battle of Modder River was an engagement in the Boer War, fought at Modder River, on November 28, 1899. A British under Lord Methuen which was attempting to relieve the besieged town of Kimberley forced Boers under General Piet Cronje to retreat but suffered heavy casualties themselves.
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[edit] Situation in November 1899
When the war broke out, one of the Boers' early targets was the diamond-mining centre of Kimberley, which stood not far from the point where the borders of the Boer republics of the Transvaal and the Orange Free State, and the British-controlled Cape Colony met. Although their forces surrounded the town, they did not press home any immediate assault. Nor did they attempt to cross the Orange River on this front to invade Cape Colony.
Meanwhile, British reinforcements were on their way to South Africa. Their commander, General Sir Redvers Buller detached the 1st Division under Lieutenant General Lord Methuen to relieve the Siege of Kimberley. This decision was made partly for reasons of prestige, as the capture of Kimberley (which contained the famous Imperialist and former Prime Minister of Cape Colony, Cecil Rhodes) would be a major propaganda victory for the Boers.
During November, Methuen's force advanced north along the Western Cape Railway. They fought and won two engagements against Boers from the Orange Free State under General Prinsloo at the Battle of Belmont and at Graspans.
[edit] Boer plans
The Boers had been reinforced by a substantial contingent from the Transvaal under General Koos de la Rey, who proposed a radical new plan of defence. He pointed out that the Boers had previously been easily driven from the kopjes (hills) which they had occupied. The kopjes had been obvious aiming marks for the numerically superior British artillery. Also, the trajectory of rifle fire from Boers on the top of the kopjes was steeply plunging. It therefore had a chance of hitting its target only in the last six feet or so of its flight. Once British infantry had reached the foot of the kopje, they were concealed by boulders and scrub, and could then easily drive the Boers off the summit with the bayonet.
De la Rey proposed to make use of the flat trajectory of the Mauser rifle with which the Boers were armed, together with the flat veld. He called on his men to dig trenches in the banks of the Modder River, from which their rifles could sweep the veld for a great distance, and won them over. General Piet Cronje, who arrived later with the main Boer force, acquiesced in this novel plan.
The area contained two prominent hotels and the village of Rosmead, which was used as a resort by prominent businessmen from Kimberley. The Boer trenches were at Coordinates: on the south side of the Modder and the smaller Riet River which joined it at Modder River Station. The Boers had six field guns and "pom-poms" (small rapid-firing guns) from the Orange Free State's Staatsartillerie (state artillery). They deployed these not as a concentrated battery, but as widely separated individual gun detachments north of the Modder and to the east. They had dug several emplacements for each gun, allowing their guns to switch position to avoid counter-battery fire.
[edit] British plans
Methuen's force consisted of two infantry brigades (the Guards Brigade and the 9th Brigade), two mounted regiments and three batteries of field artillery. Further reinforcements were arriving up the railway.
The British cavalry (the 9th Lancers and a unit recruited in Cape Town, "Rimington's Guides"), made some attempts to scout the ground ahead of the army, but failed entirely to detect De la Rey's trenches and other preparations. (For example, the Boers had whitewashed stones on the veld or had placed biscuit tins as range markers). At 4:30 a.m. on November 28th, Methuen's force roused itself, deployed into line and began advancing towards the Modder, with no plans other than to cross the river before having breakfast on the far side.
[edit] The Battle
As the British troops came within 1,200 yards (1,100 m) of the river, Methuen remarked to Major General Colvile, commanding the Guards Brigade, "They're not here." Colvile replied, "They're sitting uncommonly tight if they are".[2] At this point the Boers opened fire. Most of the British troops were forced to throw themselves flat. Some tried to advance in short rushes, but could find no cover on the veld. Few British troops got closer than 1,000 yards (910 m) to the Boers. The Guards tried to outflank the Boer left, but were unable to ford the Riet River. The British guns pounded the buildings near Modder River Station and the line of poplar trees which marked the north bank of the Modder, and entirely missed the enemy trenches on the south bank. Meanwhile, the Boer guns maintained a galling fire, and kept in action by repeatedly moving their positions.
The battle became a day-long stalemate. Most of the British infantry lay prone on the veld, tortured by heat and thirst, but safe from enemy fire unless they moved. Many stoically smoked pipes or even slept. Methuen galloped about the field trying to renew the advance, and was himself wounded. Late in the day, some of the 9th Brigade, under Major-General Pole-Carew, found the open Boer right flank at Rosmead drift (ford) downstream. British infantry infiltrated across the ford and towards evening mounted an assault on the Boers in Rosmead. The attack was disjointed, and suffered casualties when a British field artillery battery which had just arrived on the field shelled them by mistake. By nightfall, they had been driven back into a small insecure bridgehead.
Nevertheless, the Boers feared that they were now vulnerable to being outflanked, and withdrew during the night.
[edit] Aftermath
Methuen reported that the battle had been "one of the hardest and most trying fights in the annals of the British army".[3] Although casualties had not been cripplingly heavy (between 450 and 480), mainly because the Boers opened fire prematurely, it was clear that any simple frontal attack by infantry only against an enemy using bolt-action rifles, was effectively impossible. The British were forced to pause for ten days, to evacuate their casualties, receive further reinforcements and repair their lines of communications. The delay allowed the Boers to construct the entrenchments which they were to defend in the Battle of Magersfontein.
On the Boer side, there were about 80 casualties, including the eldest son of Koos de la Rey, mortally wounded by a shell.
[edit] Account of the battle
Modder River - 28 November 1899
British Victory ~ Was a tiring day again with the heat and especially after forming at 4:30am and being the 3rd battle in a week. Boers fled after British catch vital positions. Fiercest battle yet fought in the war. An almost impossible offensive task. The total Boer casualties may perhaps have amounted to 150, mainly due to shell-fire. 70 British were killed and another 413 were wounded.[4]
[edit] See also
[edit] Notes
- ^ a b c d britishbattles.com
- ^ Rayne Kruger, Goodbye Dolly Gray, p.117
- ^ Rayne Kruger, Goodbye Dolly Gray, p.119
- ^ Arthur Conan Doyle, The Great Boer War
[edit] References
- The Boer War, Thomas Pakenham, Cardinal, 1979, ISBN 0747409765
- Goodbye Dolly Grey, Rayne Kruger, New English Library
