Battle of Germantown
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The Battle of Germantown, a battle in the Philadelphia campaign of the American Revolutionary War, was fought on October 4, 1777 at Germantown, Pennsylvania. The British victory in this battle ensured that Philadelphia, the capital of the revolutionary government of the Thirteen Colonies, would remain in British hands throughout the winter of 1777-1778.
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[edit] Prelude
The campaign in Philadelphia had begun quite badly for the American forces. Washington and the Continental Army had suffered successive defeats at the Battle of Brandywine and the Battle of Paoli that left Philadelphia defenseless. After the seizure of the revolutionary capital by Charles Cornwallis on September 26, 1777, William Howe left 3,000 men to defend it and moved 9,000[8] men to Germantown, 5 miles (8.0 km) north, determined to locate and destroy the American forces. Howe established his headquarters at Stenton, the former country home of James Logan.
With Howe's forces thus divided, Washington saw an opportunity to confront the British. He decided to attack the British garrison in Germantown as the last effort of the year before the onset of winter. His plan was to attack the British at night with four columns from different directions, with the goal of creating a double envelopment. Washington hoped to surprise the British and Hessian armies in much the same way he had surprised the Hessians at the Battle of Trenton.
[edit] Setting and movement to battle
[edit] British and Hessian Positions
Germantown was a hamlet of stone houses spreading from what is now known as Mount Airy on the north to what is now Market Square in the south.[9] Extending southwest from Market Square was Schoolhouse Lane, running a 1.5 miles (2.4 km) to the point where Wissahickon Creek emptied from a steep gorge into the Schuylkill River. Gen. William Howe had established a base camp along the high ground of Schoolhouse and Church lanes. The western wing of the camp, under the command of the Hessian general Wilhelm von Knyphausen, had a picket of two jaeger battalions at its left flank on the high ground above the mouth of the Wissahickon. A Hessian brigade and two British brigades camped along Market Square, and east of there were two British brigades under the command of Gen. James Grant, as well as two squadrons of dragoons, and the 1st Battalion of the Light Infantry regiment. The Queen's Rangers, a New York loyalist unit, covered the right flank.
[edit] The Americans March Out
After dusk on October 3, the American army began the 16 miles (26 km) southward march to Germantown in complete darkness. As the attack was to occur before dawn, the soldiers were instructed to put a piece of white paper on their hat to identify friend from foe.[10] Undetected by the jaeger pickets, British and Hessian forces remained unaware that American troops were advancing on them. For the Americans, it seemed their attempt to repeat the Trenton was going to succeed. The darkness made communications between the columns very difficult, and progress was slower as expected. At dawn, most of the American forces were well short of their intended attack positions, and they had lost the element of surprise.
One American column, however, consisting of militia, had managed to reach the British camp. These troops halted near the mouth of Wissahickon Creek, firing a few rounds from their cannon at Knyphausen's camp before withdrawing. The three remaining columns continued their advance. The one under the command of General John Sullivan, moved down Germantown Road, the column of New Jersey militia under the command of General William Smallwood moved down Skippack Road to Whitemarsh Church Road and from there to Old York Road to attack the British right flank, and the one under the command of General Nathanael Greene, which consisted of Greene's and General Adam Stephen's divisions and General Alexander McDougall's brigade, moved down Limekiln Road.
[edit] Battle
A thick fog clouded the battlefield throughout the day.
The vanguard of Sullivan's column, on Germantown Road, launched the battle when they opened fire on the British pickets of light infantry at Mount Airy just as the sun was rising at around 5:00 am. The British pickets resisted American advance and fired their guns in alarm. Howe rode forward, thinking that they were being attacked by foraging or skirmishing parties. It took a substantial part of Sullivan's division to finally overwhelm the British pickets and drive them back into Germantown.
Now cut off from the main British and Hessian force, British Col. Musgrave caused his six companies of troops from the 40th Regiment, around 120 men, to fortify the stone house of Chief Justice Chew, called Cliveden. The Americans launched furious assaults against Cliveden, but the greatly outnumbered defenders beat back them back, inflicting heavy casualties. Gen. Washington called a council of war to decide how to deal with the distraction. Some of the officers favored bypassing Cliveden and leaving a regiment behind to deal with it. However, Brig. Gen. Henry Knox recommended to Washington that it was unwise to allow a garrison in the rear of a forward advance to remain under enemy control. Washington concurred.
Gen. William Maxwell's brigade, which had been held in the reserve of the American forces, was brought forward to storm Cliveden, while Knox, who was Washington's artillery commander, positioned four three pounders out of musket range and fired point blank shots against the mansion. However, the thick walls of Cliveden withstood the bombardments. Infantry assaults launched against the mansion were cut down, causing heavy casualties. The few Americans who managed to get inside were shot or bayoneted. It was becoming clear that Cliveden was not going to be taken easily.
Meanwhile, Gen. Nathanael Greene's column on Limekiln Road caught up with the American forces at Germantown. Its vanguard engaged the British pickets at Luken's Mill and drove them off after a savage skirmish. Adding to the heavy fog that already obscured the Americans' view of the enemy was the smoke from cannons and muskets, and Greene's column was thrown into disarray and confusion. One of Greene's brigades, under the command of Gen. Stephen, veered off course and began following Meetinghouse Road instead of rendezvousing at Market Square with the rest of Greene's forces. The wayward brigade collided with the rest of American Gen. Wayne's brigade and mistook them for the redcoats. The two American brigades opened heavy fire on each other, became badly disorganized, and fled. The withdrawal of Wayne's brigade left Conway's left flank unsupported.
In the north, an American column led by McDougall came under attack by the Tory Loyalist troops of the Queen's Rangers and the Guards of the British reserve. After a savage battle between the two, McDougall's brigade was forced to retreat, suffering heavy losses. Still convinced, however, that they could win, the Colonial 9th Virginian troops of Greene's column launched a savage attack on the British and Hessian line as planned, managing to break through and capturing a number of prisoners. However, they were soon surrounded by two British brigades who launched a devastating countercharge, led by Gen. Cornwallis. Cut off completely, the 9th Virginian Regiment was forced to surrender. Greene, upon learning of the main army's defeat and withdrawal, realized that he stood alone against the whole British and Hessian force, so he withdrew as well.
The large, main attacks on the British and Hessian camp had been repulsed with heavy casualties. Washington ordered Armstrong and Smallwood's men to withdraw. Maxwell's brigade, still having failed to capture the Chew House, was forced to fall back. Part of the British army rushed forward and routed retreating Americans, pursuing them for some nine miles before giving up the chase in the face of resistance from Greene's infantry, Wayne's artillery guns and a detachment of dragoons, as well as the nightfall.
[edit] Aftermath
[edit] Casualties
Of the 11,000 men Washington led into battle, 152 (30 officers and 122 men) were killed and were 521 wounded (117 officers and 404 men).[11] Over 400 were captured, including Colonel Mathews and the entire 9th Virginia regiment. [12] Gen. Francis Nash had his left leg taken off by a cannon ball, and died on October 8 at the home of Adam Gotwals. His body was interred with military honors on October 9 at the Mennonite Meetinghouse in Towamencin. [13] Maj. John White, who was shot at Cliveden, died on October 10. [14] Lt. Col. William Smith, who was wounded carrying the flag of truce to Cliveden, also died from his wounds. [15] In all, 57 Americans were killed attacking the Chew House. [16]
Gen. Stephen was later court-martialed and cashiered from military service when it was discovered he was intoxicated during the battle. [17] Command of his division was given to the Marquis de Lafayette.
British casualties were 70 killed (4 officers and 66 men) and 450 wounded (30 officers and 420 men). [18] British officers killed in action included Gen. James Agnew and Lt. Col. John Bird. Lt. Col. Walcott of the 5th Regiment of Foot was mortally wounded.
[edit] Impact on the American Cause
Sir George Trevelyan, in his History of the American Revolution, concluded that although the Battle of Germantown was a defeat for the Americans, it was of "great and enduring service to the American cause." [19] He continues:
| “ | That the battle had been fought unsuccessfully was of small importance when weighed against the fact that it been fought at all. Eminent generals, and statesmen of sagacity, in every European Court were profoundly impressed by learning that a new army, raised within the year, and undaunted by a series of recent disasters, had assailed a victorious enemy in his own quarters, and had only been repulsed after a sharp and dubious conflict. | ” |
John Fiske, in The American Revolution (1891), wrote[20]:
| “ | ...[T]he genius and audacity shown by Washington, in thus planning and so nearly accomplishing the ruin of the British army only three weeks after the defeat at the Brandywine, produced a profound impression upon military critics in Europe. Frederick of Prussia saw that presently, when American soldiers should come to be disciplined veterans, they would become a very formidable instrument in the hands of their great commander; and the French court, in making up its mind that the Americans would prove efficient allies, is said to have been influenced almost as much by the battle of Germantown as by the surrender of Burgoyne. | ” |
[edit] Historical assessment
[edit] Assessment of Washington's plan
Washington's plan was a failure because of several factors:
- Washington mistakenly believed his troops were well trained and sufficiently experienced to launch a complicated attack [21]
- The attack plan required constant coordination between the columns of his army, which did not occur
- When the 40th Foot put up stubborn resistance, Stephen disobeyed orders and attempted to attack Chew House, to no avail.
Washington's plan, if it had been executed successfully, might have brought the war to a sudden end. Coupled with Burgoyne's surrender at Saratoga, the defeat of Howe at Germantown "would probably have been too much for Lord North's ministry" [22]
[edit] Assessment of Howe's decision to not pursue Washington
[edit] References
- Fiske, John, The American Revolution: In Two Volumes, Houghton, Mifflin and Company, 1892.
- Jenkins, Charles F., The Guide Book to Historic Germantown, Innes & Sons, 1904.
- McGuire, Thomas J., The Philadelphia Campaign, Vol. II: Germantown and the Roads to Valley Forge, Stackpole Books, Mechanicsburg, PA, 2006. ISBN 978-0-8117-0206-5.
- Trevelyan, George Otto, The American Revolution, Longmans, Green & Co., 1912.
- Trussell, Jr., John B.B., The Battle of Germantown, Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission, 1974.
- Ward, Christopher, The War of the Revolution, Volume 1, The Macmillan Company, 1952.
[edit] Notes
- ^ Ward, p. 371. "...unquestionably a defeat for the Americans..."
- ^ Ward, p. 362. "Washington informed Congress on September 28 that he had 8,000 Continentals and 3,000 militia at Pennypacker's Mill"
- ^ Ward, p. 362.
- ^ Ward, p. 371.
- ^ Jenkins, p. 142.
- ^ Ward, p. 362. Ward states "official" wounded was 420.
- ^ Jenkins, p. 142. Jenkins indicates 71 killed, not 70, and 450 wounded (55 officers and 395 men).
- ^ Ward, p. 362.
- ^ Trussell, p. 1.
- ^ Ward, p. 364.
- ^ Jenkins, p. 142.
- ^ Jenkins, p. 142.
- ^ McGuire, p. 133.
- ^ McGuire, p. 134.
- ^ McGuire, p. 134.
- ^ Ward, p. 371. "53 Americans lay dead on its lawn, 4 on its very doorsteps."
- ^ McGuire, p. 177.
- ^ Ward, p. 371.
- ^ Trevelyan, p. 249.
- ^ Fiske, p. 323.
- ^ http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/231176/Battle-of-Germantown
- ^ Fiske, p. 323.
[edit] Further reading
- Watson's Annals of Philadelphia And Pennsylvania, 1857.
- History of Early Chestnut Hill, by John J. MacFarlane, A.M. (Philadelphia, City History, Society of Philadelphia, 1927) Chapter IX Revolutionary and Other Military Events, p. 79.
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