Battle of Dombås
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The Battle of Dombås was fought between Norwegian Army infantry forces and German Fallschirmjäger paratroops in mid-April 1940. As part of their conquest of Norway south of Trondheim, and as a countermeasure against reported allied landings in the Romsdal area of south western Norway, the Germans dropped a company of paratroopers near the vital railroad junction of Dombås[8] on 14 April 1940. During the following five days the German force blocked the Dovrebanen railroad line between Oslo and Trondheim, as well as the main road between the two cities.
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[edit] Background
Shortly after the German invasion of Norway on 9 April 1940 the Allies launched their own campaign in Norway to support the Norwegian Defence Force and prevent the Germans in seizing control of the strategically important country. The Norwegian Campaign was the first time France and the United Kingdom fought a direct land confrontation with Nazi Germany.
On 13 April Generaloberst Nikolaus von Falkenhorst, the commander of the German invasion forces in Norway, received orders from the Oberkommando der Wehrmacht in Berlin to seize control of Dombås village by paratroop attack. The reason for the German High Command's decision was a false report of allied landings at Åndalsnes, an event that only occurred several days later. The main task at hand for the German troops was the destruction of the railroad, as well as blocking any allied advance inland, particularly south through the Gudbrandsdal valley.[9]
[edit] Opposing forces
[edit] German
The German force air dropped on Dombås was the 1st Company of the 1st Regiment of the 7th Flieger Division. Based at Heimatstandort Stendal near Magdeburg the unit was ordered to Norway on 12 April, landing at Fornebu airport near Oslo on 13 April. 1st Company was commanded by Oberleutnant Herbert Schmidt and was 185 strong, armed with light weaponry and 22 MG34 machine guns; four on tripods for the medium machine gun role.[6]
[edit] Norwegian
The Norwegian force initially based at Dombås was the 2nd Battalion of Infantry Regiment 11.[3] Two days after the attack No. 1 Company of Infantry Regiment 5 arrived as reinforcements[4] and on 17 April the 2nd Battalion was replaced by its sister unit, 1st Battalion of Infantry Regiment 11. Reinforcements in the form of a machine gun platoon and an anti-aircraft gun also arrived on 17 April.[5] On the last day of the battle the Norwegians were joined by some of the first British forces to see action on land in Norway when a howitzer manned by Royal Marines joined the fighting.[2]
[edit] Battle
[edit] Day One
At around 1700 hrs Norwegian time on 14 April 15 Junkers Ju 52 transport aircraft took off from Fornebu airport near Oslo in hail and sleet with low cloud cover. An hour earlier one Ju 52 had flown a reconnaissance flight over the drop area at Dombås without being able to see anything through the cloud cover.[3]
Even though the officers on the site wished to postpone the mission due to the weather conditions the fact that the mission was based on a direct command from Adolf Hitler meant that it had to be carried out despite the risks involved.[3]
The mission the German Fallschirmjäger embarked on was the second opposed paratroop attack in history, the first had occurred five days previously when the Norwegian airbase of Sola near Stavanger was captured during the 9 April invasion of Norway.[3]
[edit] The drop
When the German aircraft arrived over their target area, after a 275 km flight, small breaks in the cloud cover enabled most of the Ju 52s to drop their sticks (loads) of paratroopers. The poor weather conditions led to the Germans being spread over a large area, stretching from Lesja 20 km west of the target, Vålåsjø 18 km north east of the target and locations eight km to the south in the Gudbrandsdal valley.[3]
[edit] Fighting the II/IR11
To the misfortune of the German paratroopers their target area was coincidentally also the temporary base and encampment of 2nd Battalion of the Norwegian Army's Infantry Regiment 11 (II/IR 11). The battalion had been mobilised in Molde a few days previously and had arrived by train in Dombås in the evening of 13 April.[1] The deployment had been made in preparation for what the Norwegian Army High Command expected would be a major attempt at reconquering Trondheim in cooperation with Allied forces. Although there was no anti-aircraft artillery in the area II/IR11 had positioned their 7,92 mm Colt M/29 heavy machine guns on anti-aircraft mounts in order to provide some basic low-level air defence.[3]
The arrival of the German aircraft over Dombås came as a surprise to the Norwegian forces who nonetheless soon opened fire on the Ju 52s with all available arms. Gunners aboard the Ju 52s returned fire while flying at treetop level. Soon after the first paratroopers were dropped over the area and took heavy fire while descending to the ground. The ground fire took a heavy toll on the German transport aircraft, with only five out of the original 15 Ju 52s making it back to Fornebu, with another two landing at Værnes airbase, all seven surviving aircraft riddled with bullet holes.[7] The remaining eight transports were shot down or made forced landings.[10] One Ju 52 made an emergency landing on Vänern Lake near Mariestad, Sweden, where it later broke through the ice and sank. The aircraft was salvaged and returned to the Luftwaffe by the Swedish authorities in January 1941.[11] Many of the paratroopers that had been on the shot-down aircraft died in the crashes, or were killed or captured by Norwegian patrols soon after.
Of his originally 185 strong force[6] Oberleutnant Schmidt only managed to gather together 63 men, the rest having died or been scattered over a vast area. With his decimated force Schmidt began carrying out his task of blocking the Norwegian rail and road network. The German force blocked the main road in the area and cut the telephone wire running next to it. After capturing a Norwegian taxicab and putting as many of his men as he could in and onto the vehicle Schmidt drove north towards Dombås, stopping at regular intervals to make forward observations.[10]
[edit] Schmidt is wounded
When the taxi-born German force reached the farmstead of Li on the road to Dombås they ran into a two truck-loads of soldiers from No. 5 company, IR 11. After some initial confusion the Norwegian opened fire and the Germans charged with submachine guns and hand grenades. Following a short fire fight during which Schmidt was severely wounded and the Norwegians pushed back the paratroopers abandoned their advance on Dombås. They instead pulled back and took up positions in a hedgehog defensive fighting position at the farms of Ulekleiv and Hagevolden, covering all directions and dominating the surrounding landscape. Schmidt, although seriously wounded, never relinquished his command and ordered his men to use sand to write messages in the snow to the Luftwaffe asking for supplies of provisions and ammunition. The force was not spotted by Luftwaffe reconnaissance aircraft and received no supply drops while at Ulekleiv/Hagevolden.[12]
[edit] Side-effects of the attack
The attack at Dombås made the Norwegian Central Bank speed up the evacuation of the Norwegian gold reserves. The 50 tons of gold had been evacuated from Oslo on 9 April and was being kept in a vault in Lillehammer[13] when the German attack on Dombås began. As soon as news of German paratroopers landing spread the gold was put on a train and raced to Åndalsnes from where it was evacuated by way of Royal Navy cruisers and Norwegian fishing boats.[14]
King Haakon VII of Norway and his son, Crown Prince Olav were both at Dovre, near the drop zone and only half an hour from the nearest groups of paratroopers when the attack began on 14 April. The King and Crown Prince both had to be escorted out of the area by members of the Dovreskogen gun club.[15]
[edit] Day Two
15 April saw the last remaining stragglers rejoining the Fallschirmjäger force at Dombås, from then on no reinforcements reached the 1st Company. During the morning the paratroopers fulfilled part of their mission when they blew up the rail road line at three places.[16]
In the meanwhile Norwegian forces had been assembled and ordered to stop the German advance in the Dombås area. As intelligence on the Fallschirmjägers was very scarce the Norwegian commanders had little idea of the size and location of the German force. During the day a force of two heavy machine gun platoons with 41 men under the command of Kaptein Austlid ran straight into Schmidt's position and was subjected to an ambush. Although caught unaware by the Germans the Norwegian platoons quickly set up their Colt M/29s and returned fire. Soon thereafter Capt. Austlid organised an assault party of himself and seven men and stormed across a 200 meter long field towards the German positions while receiving cover fire from his own heavy machine guns. With only 75 meters between them and the Germans the eight Norwegians had to make their way up the hillside through deep snow. Austlid was only eight to ten meters below the first German machine gun nest when he was struck down by a bullet to the chest and the counter attack faltered without its leader. Of the 41 Norwegians caught in the ambush 28 were captured and five escaped.[16]
[edit] Day Three
During 16 April No. 1 Company, IR 5 under the command of Kaptein Botheim arrived on the scene of battle. No. 1 Company attacked the German strongholds from the south while II/IR 11 attacked with one company from the north. The northern onslaught was supported by two 81 mm mortars and numerous Colt M/29s.[4]
After a short fire fight a white flag appeared at the German positions and one of the Norwegian soldiers captured in the previous day's ambush was sent over to the Norwegian forces. The released Prisoner of war brought with him a demand that the Norwegians surrender and told the Norwegian officer in charge that the Schmidt threatened to shoot his prisoners unless the fire ceased.[4] This was probably based on a misunderstanding between the Norwegian PoW and Oberleutnant Schmidt, the real meaning most likely being that the prisoners held were endangered by the mortar fire that the German positions were subjected to.[4] In response to the surrender demands a German Feldwebel that the Norwegians had captured was despatched back to Schmidt calling for his surrender. The Germans likewise refused to give in.[4]
[edit] Breakout from Ulekleiv and Hagevolden
While the fruitless negotiations were taking place the Fallschimrjägers were preparing to move away from their stronghold and find a new place to fight from. The arrival of the two Norwegian mortars had completely changed the tactical situation and the German supply of ammunition was also running dangerously low. Schmidt decided that he had to move his troops into a new and more defensible position. Negotiations were kept up to buy time so the paratroopers could slip away in to cover of darkness. Schmidt believed that strong German forces were advancing up the Gudbrandsdal valley and that if he could hold out for a little while longer the situation might still be salvaged. The reality of the situation was however that the German advanced units were stuck just north of Minnesund far to the south of both Gudbrandsdal and Dombås.[4]
As negotiations collapsed the Norwegians opened fire again, but a sudden ground blizzard blinded the gunners and allowed the Germans to make a counter attack and open a way out of their encirclement. The attack threw back the Norwegians in the north, whose commander ordered a general retreat to Dombås. During the night of 16/17 April the Fallschirmjäger under Schmidt, having thrown back the nearest Norwegian forces, disengaged and began to make their way south in the direction of Dovre.[4]
16 April also saw the continuation of mopping up operations by Norwegian units. Twenty-two Germans were catured at Kolstad near Lesja and another 23 at Bottheim train station.[4]
[edit] Day Four
During the early hours of 17 April the Germans withdrew from their positions, covered by three heavy machine guns captured from the Norwegians in the ambush on 15 April. The paratroopers formed a fighting column with hand grenade armed soldiers at the front followed by the wounded and the PoWs on trucks with a rearguard at the end.[4]
At Landheim road bridge a 25 strong Norwegian force blocked the way, but were quickly thrown back to Dovre Church by a night attack with hand grenades. The German force took up temporary positions at Einbugga road bridge, midway between the village of Toftemo to the north and Dovre to the south.[4]
[edit] Lindse Farms
With daybreak Schmidt's men began to search out a new position which could provide good cover without the risk of being attacked from the rear. This they found at the North and South Lindse Farm,[17] a farmstead high on a hillside and dominating both the railway line (250 meters away) and the main road (700 meters away). North Lindse with its stone barn became the strong point of the defence, with South Lindse being used to keep Norwegian prisoners; 15 military and 40 civilians. The farm buildings were quickly fortified with sandbags and planking. Oberleutnant Schmidt was carried to Lindse on a door by Norwegian PoWs.[4]
[edit] Renewed fighting
During the morning of 17 April fighting was renewed when first the Norwegian Major Kjøs and then No. 1 Company ran into German ambushes by Lindse. Kjøs was captured, as was the vanguard of No. 1 Company. The main force of No. 1 Company fought its way out, pulling back to Dovre Church at 1000 hrs.[5]
After the first encounter of the day the main Norwegian forces failed to realise that the whole Fallschirmjäger force had moved to Lindse and spent the day reorganizing and receiving reinforcements. II/IR 11 was replaced by its sister battalion, I/IR 11 and a machine gun platoon from the Norwegian Army Air Service' Jagevingen fighter unit (the unit having lost all its planes around Oslo on 9 April), as well as a 40 mm anti-aircraft gun, arrived to reinforce the attacks on Schmidt's paratroopers. For most of the day the abandoned German positions at Ulekleiv was bombarded by Norwegian mortars. Only by evening did the Norwegian commanders discover where the Germans had relocated.[5]
[edit] Day Five
18 April turned out to become a decisive day in the battle. The Germans at Lindse were surrounded to the north by the battalion I/IR 11 and to the south by No. 1 Company, IR 5, reinforced by various smaller forces that had arrived the previous day. The company in the south also had the 40 mm AA gun, based at Dovre Train Station,[7] as artillery support. Early in the morning Norwegian soldiers made their way into the hills south of Lindse Farm and opened fire. According to Schmidt this was when the situation became truly dire:
One step out of the nest or the house brought death. We now clung on only to the thought of immediate assistance.
—Oberleutnant Herbert Schmidt[5]
Although the Germans' positions were well fortified their ammunition was running very low and it was soon only a question of time before surrender became the only option left. Help, however, arrived that very morning when a Junkers Ju 52 air dropped ammunition, warm clothing, provisions, medical supplies and the radio frequency for communicating with headquarters.[5]
Later in the day a Norwegian officer approached Schmidt asking for his surrender, but was rejected. The Norwegian 40 mm AA gun kept up a bombardment of Lindse Farms throughout the day, firing 40 to 50 rounds at positions around the farm buildings and in two nearby ravines. By evening the Germans had all sought shelter in the farm houses as these could not be bombarded directly due to the Norwegian prisoners being held there.[5]
[edit] The last day
By dawn on 19 April the Germans were completely surrounded by superiorly armed Norwegian soldiers on all sides. During the night a final reinforcement had reached the Norwegians; a rail mounted howitzer manned by a gun crew of Royal Marines that had arrived from Åndalsnes. The howitzer had 300 rounds available and opened fire at 0600 hrs, firing ten rounds with good accuracy. Soon after another Ju 52 transport arrived carrying supplies to the beleaguered Germans but turned around without making its drop after receiving a radio message from Schmidt that the paratroopers were going to surrender.[2]
Later on Schmidt sent out his second-in-command, Leutnant Ernst Mössinger, to negotiate a surrender, hoping to reach favourable terms. Major Arne Sunde, the Norwegian commander, however refused to accept anything but a unconditional surrender. Sunde informed Mössinger that unless the Germans announced their surrender within ten minutes by launching three flares the allied artillery would recommence bombarding Lindse Farm. Nine and a half minutes later, at 1130 hrs, the Fallschirmjäger force at Lindse fired three signal flares.[2]
Forty-five Fallschirmjäger surrendered at Lindse Farms, six of whom were wounded.[7]
[edit] Aftermath
Following their surrender the Germans were sent to rear areas in the Romsdal region, the wounded to a hospital in Ålesund and the remainder (135 soldiers[18]) to a prisoner-of-war camp at Averøy near Kristiansund.[6]
The intention of Norwegian authorities was to first keep the prisoners for interrogation and then ship them to the UK, but in the chaos of the collapse of resistance in the southern parts of Norway and the allied evacuation from Åndalsnes in late April/early May the German PoWs were left behind to be freed by elements of the Luftwaffe's Regiment General Göring.[6]
Thirteen paratroopers taken prisoner near Lillehammer on 14 April after being shot down on route to the target had been freed by General Pellengahr's advancing forces on 24 April.[6]
Most of the freed paratroopers soon after volunteered to jump into the isolated Narvik front in North Norway to help the hard pressed German-Austrian Gebirgsjägers of the 3rd Mountain Division fighting under the command of Generalleutnant Eduard Dietl from 16 May. Many of the survivors from Dombås died fighting under the leadership of Leutnant Mössinger at Narvik.[6][19]
Herbert Schmidt, the leader of the Fallschirmjäger force at Dombås, received the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross on 24 May, 1940.[20][21] He later recovered from the paralysing wounds he had suffered during the battle and in 1941 wrote a book detailing his experiences during the battle called "Die Fallschirmjäger von Dombaas".[22] Schmidt was killed by the French Resistance in 1944,[6] being shot in Pontivy on 16 June.
[edit] Notes
- ^ a b c Høgevold 1984: 121
- ^ a b c d e Hauge-1 1995: 261
- ^ a b c d e f g h Hauge-1 1995: 251
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Hauge-1 1995: 258
- ^ a b c d e f g Hauge-1 1995: 259
- ^ a b c d e f g h Bjørn Jervaas: The Fallschirmjäger Battle at Dombaas (English)
- ^ a b c d e Hauge-1 1995: 262
- ^ Norwegian National Rail Administration: Dombås Train Station (English)
- ^ Hauge-1 1995: 249
- ^ a b Hauge-1 1995: 253
- ^ Hafsten 1991: 31-32
- ^ Hauge-1 1995: 254
- ^ Chronology of the Gold Transport (Norwegian)
- ^ University of Oslo: The world's greatest coin trade (Norwegian)
- ^ Hauge-1 1995: 257
- ^ a b Hauge-1 1995: 256
- ^ Visitnorway.com: The Lindse Farms - Dovre (English)
- ^ Hauge-2 1995: 178
- ^ General Dietl's War Journal (Norwegian)
- ^ Feldgrau.com: Knights Cross Holder Biographies - Oberleutnant Herbert Schmidt
- ^ Lexikon-der-wehrmacht.de: Die Träger des Ritterkreuzes (The receivers of the Knight's Cross) (German)
- ^ Worldcat.org: Die fallschirmjäger von Dombas.
[edit] Literature
- Hafsten, Bjørn; Larsstuvold, Ulf; Olsen, Bjørn and Stenersen, Sten: "Flyalarm - luftkrigen over Norge 1939-1945", Sem og Stenersen AS, Oslo 1991 ISBN 82-7046-058-3 (Norwegian)
- Hauge, Andreas: "Kampene i Norge 1940 - Vol. 1", Krigshistorisk Forlag AS, Sandefjord 1995 ISBN 82-993369-0-2 (Norwegian)
- Hauge, Andreas: "Kampene i Norge 1940 - Vol. 2", Krigshistorisk Forlag AS, Sandefjord 1995 ISBN 82-993369-0-2 (Norwegian)
- Høgevold, John: "Vår militære innsats hjemme og ute 1940-45", Forsvarets Overkommando, Oslo 1984 ISBN 82-991210-0-0 (Norwegian)
- Voksø, Per and Berg, John: "Krigens dagbok - Norge 1940-1945", Forlaget Det Beste, Oslo 1994 ISBN 8270101664 (Norwegian)
