Basic access authentication
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| HTTP |
| Persistence · Compression · SSL |
| Headers |
| ETag · Cookie · Referer |
| Status codes |
| 200 OK |
| 301 Moved permanently |
| 302 Found |
| 403 Forbidden |
| 404 Not Found |
In the context of an HTTP transaction, the basic access authentication is a method designed to allow a web browser, or other client program, to provide credentials – in the form of a user name and password – when making a request.
Before transmission, the username and password are encoded as a sequence of base-64 characters. For example, the user name Aladdin and password open sesame would be combined as Aladdin:open sesame – which is equivalent to QWxhZGRpbjpvcGVuIHNlc2FtZQ== when encoded in Base64. Little effort is required to translate the encoded string back into the user name and password, and many popular security tools will decode the strings "on the fly".
Wrongly, people believe that this base-64 encoding is done because of security, to prevent it to be read directly by a person. This is only security through obscurity because it can be easily decoded, so it represents no security at all. Encoding is done, instead, to avoid breaking the HTTP protocol data encoding because of bizarre (and more secure) passwords containing special HTTP characters, such as newlines.
The basic access authentication was originally defined by RFC 1945 (Hypertext Transfer Protocol – HTTP/1.0) although further information regarding security issues may be found in RFC 2616 (Hypertext Transfer Protocol – HTTP/1.1) and RFC 2617 (HTTP Authentication: Basic and Digest Access Authentication).
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[edit] Advantages
One advantage of the basic access authentication is that it is supported by all popular† web browsers. It is rarely used on publicly accessible Internet web sites but may sometimes be used by small, private systems. A later mechanism, digest access authentication, was developed in order to replace the basic access authentication and enable credentials to be passed in a relatively secure manner over an otherwise insecure channel.
^ "all popular web browsers" in this context includes any browsers currently holding 0.2% of the market share or more. See Comparison of Web Browsers for more information on HTTP support in web browsers.
[edit] Disadvantages
Although the scheme is easily implemented, it relies on the assumption that the connection between the client and server computers is secure and can be trusted. Specifically, the credentials are passed as plaintext and could be intercepted easily. The scheme also provides no protection for the information passed back from the server.
According to RFC 2616, Existing browsers retain authentication information indefinitely. HTTP does not provide a method for a server to direct clients to discard these cached credentials. This means that there is no effective way to "log out" without closing the browser. This is a significant defect that requires further extensions to HTTP.
[edit] Example
Here is a typical transaction between an HTTP client and an HTTP server running on the local machine (localhost). It comprises the following steps.
- The client asks for a page that requires authentication but does not provide a user name and password. Typically this is because the user simply entered the address or followed a link to the page.
- The server responds with the 401 response code and provides the authentication realm.
- At this point, the client will present the authentication realm (typically a description of the computer or system being accessed) to the user and prompt for a user name and password. The user may decide to cancel at this point.
- Once a user name and password have been supplied, the client re-sends the same request but includes the authentication header.
- In this example, the server accepts the authentication and the page is returned. If the user name is invalid or the password incorrect, the server might return the 401 response code and the client would prompt the user again.
Note: A client may pre-emptively send the authentication header in its first request, with no user interaction required.
Client request (no authentication):
GET /private/index.html HTTP/1.0 Host: localhost
(followed by a new line, in the form of a carriage return followed by a line feed).
Server response:
HTTP/1.0 401 UNAUTHORIZED
Server: HTTPd/1.0
Date: Sat, 27 Nov 2004 10:18:15 GMT
WWW-Authenticate: Basic realm="Secure Area"
Content-Type: text/html
Content-Length: 311
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN"
"http://www.w3.org/TR/1999/REC-html401-19991224/loose.dtd">
<HTML>
<HEAD>
<TITLE>Error</TITLE>
<META HTTP-EQUIV="Content-Type" CONTENT="text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1">
</HEAD>
<BODY><H1>401 Unauthorised.</H1></BODY>
</HTML>
Client request (user name "Aladdin", password "open sesame"):
GET /private/index.html HTTP/1.0 Host: localhost Authorization: Basic QWxhZGRpbjpvcGVuIHNlc2FtZQ==
(followed by a blank line, as before).
Server response:
HTTP/1.0 200 OK Server: HTTPd/1.0 Date: Sat, 27 Nov 2004 10:19:07 GMT Content-Type: text/html Content-Length: 10476
(followed by a blank line and HTML text comprising of the restricted page).
