Bashkir language

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Bashkir language
Башҡорт теле Bašqort tele
Spoken in: Russia, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan
Total speakers: more than 1,400,000
Language family: Altaic
 Turkic
  Kypchak
   Kypchak-Bolgar
    Bashkir language 
Official status
Official language in: Bashkortostan
Regulated by: no official regulation
Language codes
ISO 639-1: ba
ISO 639-2: bak
ISO 639-3: bak
Note: This page may contain IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode.

The Bashkir language is a Turkic language.

Contents

[edit] Speakers

The 2002 population census showed over 1,379,000 native speakers of the Bashkir language living in Russia.

Speakers of the Bashkir language mostly live in the Russian republic of Bashkortostan. Substantial number of the speakers also live in Tatarstan, Udmurtia, Perm Krai, Chelyabinsk, Orenburg, Sverdlovsk, and Kurgan Oblasts. Large Bashkir minority groups also live in Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan.

[edit] Alphabet and dialects

After the Mongol invasion, the Kypchak language became more common due to the fact that it was the language spoken by the majority of the Golden Horde tribes.

The modern Bashkir language, like the similar Tatar language, takes its roots from the Kypchak group of languages. Today the language has many dialects, which are very similar to Tatar. In the past, Bashkirs used Tatar as a written language. In the 15th century it was replaced with the Chagatay language (however, according to some researchers, it was replaced with the Old Tatar variant of Chagatay), which was in use until 1923. Both Tatar and Chagatay were written in Arab letters.

In 1923, a writing system was specifically created for the Bashkir language. At the same time, a Bashkir literary language was created, moving away from the "bourgeois" Tatar influences. At first, it used a modified Arabic alphabet. In 1930 it was replaced with a Latin-based alphabet, which was in turn replaced with an adapted Cyrillic alphabet in winter of 1938.

The alphabet used by Bashkir is based on the Cyrillic alphabet, with the addition of the following letters: Ә ә [æ], Ө ө [œ], Ү ү [y], Ғ ғ [ɣ], Ҡ ҡ [q], Ң ң [ŋ], Ҙ ҙ [ð], Ҫ ҫ [θ], Һ һ [h].

Башҡорт әлифбаһы
Аа (а) [a] Бб (бэ) [b] Вв (вэ) [v]
Гг (гэ) [g] Ғғ (ғы) [ɣ] Дд (дэ) [d]
Ҙҙ (ҙэ) [ð] Ее (йе) [e], [je] Ёё (йо) [jo]
Жж (жэ) [ʒ] Зз (зэ) [z] Ии (и) [i]
Йй (ҡыҫҡа и) [j] Кк (ка) [k] Ҡҡ (ҡы) [q]
Лл (эль) [l] Мм (эм) [m] Нн (эн) [n]
Ңң (эң) [ŋ] Оо (о) [o] Өө (ө) [ø]
Пп (пэ) [p] Рр (эр) [r] Сс (эс) [s]
Ҫҫ (ҫэ) [θ] Тт (тэ) [t] Уу (у) [u]
Үү (ү) [y] Фф (эф) [f] Хх (ха) [x]
Һһ (һа) [h] Цц (цэ) [ʦ] Чч (чэ) [ʧ]
Шш (ша) [ʃ] Щщ (ща) [ɕ] Ъъ (ҡатылыҡ билдәһе) [ʔ]
Ыы (ы) [ɯ] Ьь (йомшаҡлыҡ билдәһе) [ʲ] Ээ (э) [e]
Әә (ә) [æ] Юю (йу) [ju] Яя (йа) [ja]

[edit] Bibliography

  • Poppe, N. N., Bashkir Manual (Uralic & Altaic): 1997, ISBN-10: 0700708367 ISBN-13: 978-0700708369


[edit] External links (in Bashkir)

Wikipedia
Bashkir language edition of Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
v • d • e
Altaic languages
Notes: *Japonic and Korean are not generally recognized as belonging to the Altaic language family. See also Buyeo languages.
v • d • e
Turkic languages
Oghur
Uyghur
Old Turkic†  · Aini²  · Chagatai†  · Ili Turki  · Lop  · Uyghur  · Uzbek
Kypchak
Altay  · Baraba  · Bashkir  · Crimean Tatar¹  · Cuman†  · Karachay-Balkar  · Karaim  · Karakalpak  · Kazakh  · Kipchak†  · Krymchak  · Kumyk  · Kyrgyz  · Nogai  · Old Tatar†  · Tatar  · Urum¹
Oghuz
Arghu
Northeastern
Chulym  · Dolgan  · Fuyü Gïrgïs  · Khakas  · Shor  · Tofa  · Tuvan  · Western Yugur  · Sakha/Yakut
Notes: ¹Listed in more than one group, ²Mixed language, ³Disputed, †Extinct