Bark beetle
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
 |
This article does not cite any references or sources. (November 2007) Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unverifiable material may be challenged and removed. |
| Bark beetles | ||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 Adult mountain pine beetle
Dendroctonus ponderosae |
||||||||||||||
| Scientific classification | ||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||
| Genera | ||||||||||||||
|
See text. |
A bark beetle is one of approximately 220 genera with 6,000 species of beetles in the subfamily Scolytinae in the weevil family Curculionidae (traditionally the bark beetles were placed in their own family Scolytidae). The best known European species (since they transmit Dutch Elm Disease are in the type genus Scolytus
Bark beetles are so-named because the best known species reproduce in the inner bark (living and dead phloem tissues) of trees. Some species, such as the mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae), attack and kill live trees. Most, however, live in dead, weakened, or dying hosts. Bark beetles are ecologically and economically significant. Even outbreak species can help to renew the forest by killing old trees. Other species aid in the decomposition of dead wood.
Bark beetles often attack trees that are already weakened by disease, drought, smog, conspecific beetles or physical damage. Healthy trees may put up defenses by producing resin or latex, which may contain a number of insecticidal and fungicidal compounds that can kill or injure attacking insects, or simply immobilize and suffocate them with the sticky fluid. Under outbreak conditions, the sheer number of beetles can however overwhelm the tree's defences, and the results can be disastrous for the lumber industry.
In Šumava National park (Bohemian forest) in the Czech Republic, problems with bark beetles have become a heated issue extending to the realm of politics. On one side, some experts (usually with a background in environmental sciences) demanded that nature be left alone and that natural processes be allowed to take their course, even if it meant that the bark beetle would destroy most of the forest. On the other side, other experts (usually with a background in forest management) demanded intervention. During the 1990s, the park management mostly favoured intervention. Many outside groups became involved in the dispute, such as the lumber industry (which supported intervention because of possible profit to be made), or some local politicians, afraid that tourists would turn back from a forest decayed after a beetle invasion. The anti-intervention side got support from entomologists from the Czech Academy of Sciences and from several environmental organizations, such as Friends of the Earth. At the height of the dispute, there were cases where activists literally defended the trees with their bodies, tying themselves to the trunks [1], and the dispute was widely covered in the main Czech daily newspapers and on TV news [2].
Some bark beetles form a symbiotic relationship with fungi, and thus are named "Ambrosia beetles" after the fungus. The ambrosia beetles (such as Trypodendron spp.) feed on fungal "gardens" and are one of only three insect groups known to farm fungi. The other two groups are ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) and termites (Isoptera). Ambrosia bark beetles are thus able to indirectly feed from many more species of trees than their evolutionary relatives that do not feed on fungi, by having the fungi do the dirty work of surpassing the plant's defenses. The beetles carry the fungal spores in special structures called mycangia, and inoculate the trees as they attack them.
Beetles will emit pheromones to attract other beetles, which are drawn to target trees and may result in heavy infestation and eventually death of the tree. Many are also attracted to ethanol, one of the by-products of decaying trees.
