Barber paradox

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This article is about a paradox of self-reference. For an unrelated paradox in the theory of logical conditionals with a similar name, introduced by Lewis Carroll, see the Barbershop paradox.

The Barber paradox is a puzzle derived from Russell's Paradox and often falsely attributed to Bertrand Russell.[1] It shows that an apparently plausible scenario is logically impossible.

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[edit] The paradox

Suppose there is a town with just one male barber; and that every man in the town keeps himself clean-shaven: some by shaving themselves, some by attending the barber. It seems reasonable to imagine that the barber obeys the following rule: He shaves all and only those men who do not shave themselves.

Under this scenario, we can ask the following question: Does the barber shave himself?

Asking this, however, we discover that the situation presented is in fact impossible:

  • If the barber does not shave himself, he must abide by the rule and shave himself.
  • If he does shave himself, according to the rule he will not shave himself.

[edit] History

This paradox is often attributed to Bertrand Russell (e.g., by Martin Gardner in Aha!). It was suggested to him as an alternate form of Russell's Paradox,[1] which he had devised to show that set theory as it was used by Georg Cantor and Gottlob Frege contained contradictions. Of the Barber Paradox, Russell said the following:

That contradiction [Russell's Paradox] is extremely interesting. You can modify its form; some forms of modification are valid and some are not. I once had a form suggested to me which was not valid, namely the question whether the barber shaves himself or not. You can define the barber as "one who shaves all those, and those only, who do not shave themselves." The question is, does the barber shave himself? In this form the contradiction is not very difficult to solve. But in our previous form I think it is clear that you can only get around it by observing that the whole question whether a class is or is not a member of itself is nonsense, i.e. that no class either is or is not a member of itself, and that it is not even true to say that, because the whole form of words is just noise without meaning.

– Bertrand Russell, The Philosophy of Logical Atomism

This point is elaborated further under Applied versions of Russell's Paradox.

[edit] In prolog

In Prolog, one aspect of the Barber paradox can be expressed by a self-referencing clause:

 shaves(barber, X) :- male(X), not shaves(X,X).
 male(barber).

where negation as failure is assumed. If we apply the stratification test known from Datalog, the predicate shaves is exposed as unstratifiable since it is defined recursively over its negation.

[edit] In first-order logic

(\exists x ) (barber(x) \wedge (\forall y) (\neg shaves(y, y) \Leftrightarrow shaves(x, y)))

This sentence is unsatisfiable (a contradiction) because of the universal quantifier. The universal quantifier y will include every single element in the domain, including our infamous barber x. So when the value x is assigned to y, the sentence can be rewritten to \neg shaves(x,x) \Leftrightarrow shaves(x,x), which simplifies to shaves(x, x) \wedge \neg shaves(x,x), a contradiction.

[edit] In literature

In his book Alice in Puzzleland, the logician Raymond Smullyan had the character Humpty Dumpty explain the apparent paradox to Alice. Smullyan argues that the paradox is akin to the statement "I know a man who is both five feet tall and six feet tall," in effect claiming that the "paradox" is merely a contradiction, not a true paradox at all, as the two axioms above are mutually exclusive.

A paradox is supposed to arise from plausible and apparently consistent statements; Smullyan suggests that the "rule" the barber is supposed to be following is too absurd to seem plausible.

[edit] In music

  • Chip Hop (rap) artist MC Plus+ refers to the Barber's Paradox in his song "Man Vs Machine" from the album Chip Hop. He uses it to defeat his own fictional AI opponent, Max Flow, in a rap-battle.

[edit] References

  1. ^ a b The Philosophy of Logical Atomism, reprinted in The Collected Papers of Bertrand Russell, 1914-19, Vol 8., p. 228

[edit] External links