Baluster

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A baluster (according to OED derived through the French balustre, from Italian balaustro, from balaustra, "pomegranate flower" [from a resemblance to the swelling form of the half-open flower (illustration, left)],^[1] from Latin balaustium, from Gr. balaustion) is a moulded shaft, square or circular, in stone or wood and sometimes in metal,^[2] standing on a unifying footing and supporting the coping of a parapet or the handrail of a staircase. Multiplied in this way, they form a balustrade.^[3] Individually, a baluster shaft may describe the turned form taken by a brass or silver candlestick, an upright furniture support, or the stem of a brass chandelier, etc..

The earliest examples are those shown in the bas-reliefs representing the Assyrian palaces, where they were employed as window balustrades and apparently had Ionic capitals. As an architectural element the balustrade did not seem to have been known to either the Greeks or the Romans (Wittkower 1974), but baluster forms are familiar in the legs of chairs and tables represented in Roman bas-reliefs,^[4] where the original legs or the models for cast bronze ones were shaped on the lathe, or in Antique marble candelabra, formed as a series of stacked bulbous and disc-shaped elements, both kinds of sources familiar to Quattrocento designers. The application to architecture was a feature of the early Renaissance: late fifteenth-century examples are found in the balconies of palaces at Venice and Verona. These quattrocento balustrades are likely to be following yet-unidentified Gothic precedents; they form balustrades of colonnettes^[5] as an alternative to miniature arcading. Rudolf Wittkower withheld judgement as to the inventor of the baluster^[6] but credited Giuliano da Sangallo with using it consistently as early as the balustrade on the terrace and stairs at the Medici villa at Poggio a Caiano (ca 1480),^[7] with employing balustrades even in his reconstructions of antique structures, and, importantly, with having passed the motif to Bramante (his Tempietto, 1502) and Michelangelo, through whom balustrades gained wide currency in the 16th century. Wittkower distinguished two types, one symmetrical in profile that inverted one bulbous vase-shape over another, separating them with a cushionlike torus or a concave ring, and the other a simple vase shape, whose employment by Michelangelo at the Campidoglio steps (ca 1546), noted by Wittkower, was preceded by very early vasiform balusters in a balustrade round the drum of Santa Maria delle Grazie (ca 1482), and railings in the cathedrals of Aquileia (ca 1495) and Parma, in the cortile of San Damaso, Vatican, and Antonio da Sangallos crowning balustrade on the Santa Casa at Loreto, finally installed in 1535., and liberally in his model for the Basilica of Saint Peter^[8] Because of its low center of gravity, this "vase-baluster" may be given the modern term "dropped baluster".^[9]

Contents 1 Profiles and style changes 2 Materials used in modern day balusters 3 Banisters 4 References 5 External links

[edit] Profiles and style changes

The baluster being a turned structure tends to follow design precedents that were set in woodworking and ceramic practices, where the turner's lathe and the potter's wheel are ancient tools. The profile a baluster takes is often diagnostic of a particular style of architecture or furniture and may offer a rough guide to date of a design, though not of a particular example. Some complicated Mannerist baluster forms can be read as a vase set upon another vase. The high shoulders and bold, rhythmic shapes of the Baroque vase and baluster forms are distinctly different from the sober baluster forms of Neoclassicism, which look to other precedents, like Greek amphoras. The distinctive twist-turned designs of balusters in oak and walnut English and Dutch seventeenth-century furniture, which took as their prototype the Solomonic column that was given prominence by Bernini, fell out of style after the 1710s.

Once it had been taken from the lathe, a turned baluster could be split and applied to an architectural surface, or to one in which tewctonic themes were more freely treated, as on cabinets made in Italy, Spain and Northern Europe from the sixteenth through the seventeenth century.^[10]

Outside Europe, the baluster column appeared as a new motif in Mughal architecture, introduced in Shah Jahan's interventions in two of the three great fortress-palaces, the Red Fort of Agra and Delhi,^[11] in the early seventeenth century. Foliate baluster columns with naturalistic foliate capitals, unexampled in previous Indo-Islamic architecture according to Ebba Koch, rapidly became one of the most widely-used forms of supporting shaft in Northern and Central India in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries.^[12] The modern term baluster shaft is applied to the shaft dividing a window in Saxon architecture. In the south transept of the abbey at St Albans, England, are some of these shafts, supposed to have been taken from the old Saxon church. Norman bases and capitals have been added, together with plain cylindrical Norman shafts.

[edit] Materials used in modern day balusters

• Primed wood (usually hardwood)
• Cast iron
• Polyurethane/Polystyrene
• Various hardwoods and softwoods
• Wrought Iron
• Polymer Stone
• Cast Stone

[edit] Banisters

The word banister (also bannister) refers to the balusters of a staircase.^[13] However the term banister implies a more modern, narrower support to a handrail than a traditional baluster.

The word banister is also often used to refer to the handrail of a staircase.

[edit] References

• Encyclopaedia Britannica 1911, s.v. "Baluster"
• Rudolf Wittkower, 1974. ""The Renaissance baluster and Palladio" in Palladio and English Palladianism (London:Thames and Hudson)

[edit] External links

• Synthetic Stone Balusters
• Baluster Spacing Calculator for Railings
• Customize a Balustrade System
• Wooden baluster systems
• Polyurethane, Stone and Fiberglass Balustrade Systems