Bahá'í Faith and education
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The theme of education in the Bahá'í Faith is given emphasis. Its literature gives a principle of universal and compulsory education, which is identified as one of key principles alongside monotheism and the unity of humanity.
Bahá'u'lláh, the founder of the Bahá'í Faith wrote:
- "Regard man as a mine rich in gems of inestimable value. Education can, alone, cause it to reveal its treasures, and enable mankind to benefit therefrom."
- Bahá'u'lláh, Tablets of Bahá'u'lláh, p. 161. [1]
The Bahá'í teachings focus on promoting a moral and spiritual education, in addition to the arts, trades, sciences and professions. The emphasis on education is a means for social and national improvement. Since all Bahá'ís have the duty to do work that is useful to humanity, Bahá'í education is meant to prepare Bahá'ís to perform such work.
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[edit] Purpose
One purpose of universal compulsory education is implied in the Bahá'í Short Obligatory Prayer which states that the God's primary reason for creating humanity is so that each of us would come to know and love Him. Clearly one purpose of education would be to facilitate this process. But religious education, however critical, should not lead to division and conflict. Bahá'u'lláh writes:
- "Schools must first train the children in the principles of religion, so that the Promise and the Threat recorded in the Books of God may prevent them from the things forbidden and adorn them with the mantle of the commandments; but this in such a measure that it may not injure the children by resulting in ignorant fanaticism and bigotry."
- Bahá'u'lláh, Tablets of Bahá'u'lláh, p. 67. [2]
This principle is most commonly applied by Bahá'ís in the form of social-welfare projects and children's classes. The emphasis on education as a means for social and national improvement is shown in the following quote by `Abdu'l-Bahá, the son and appointed successor of Bahá'u'lláh:
- "The primary, the most urgent requirement is the promotion of education. It is inconceivable that any nation should achieve prosperity and success unless this paramount, this fundamental concern is carried forward. The principal reason for the decline and fall of peoples is ignorance. Today the mass of the people are uninformed even as to ordinary affairs, how much less do they grasp the core of the important problems and complex needs of the time."
- `Abdu'l-Bahá, The Secret of Divine Civilization, p. 109. [3]
[edit] Type of education
The type of education that is written about in the Bahá'í writings does not point to one particular type or method of education.
[edit] Moral and spiritual education
The Bahá'í teachings focus on promoting a moral and spiritual education, in addition to the arts, trades, sciences and professions.
- "Training in morals and good conduct is far more important than book learning. A child that is cleanly, agreeable, of good character, well-behaved even though he be ignorant is preferable to a child that is rude, unwashed, ill-natured, and yet becoming deeply versed in all the sciences and arts. The reason for this is that the child who conducts himself well, even though he be ignorant, is of benefit to others, while an ill-natured, ill-behaved child is corrupted and harmful to others, even though he be learned. If, however, the child be trained to be both learned and good, the result is light upon light."
- `Abdu'l-Bahá, Selections from the Writings of `Abdu'l-Bahá, Sec. 110, pp. 135-136. [4]
Children, and the requirement to give them a proper education, is particularly emphasized in many of the Bahá'í writings. Children's classes have become common-place in most Bahá'í communities, and were named by the Universal House of Justice in 2001 as one of the four core activities that Bahá'ís should focus on.
Bahá'í individuals have created the noted book The Family Virtues Guide, which is dedicated to the spiritual education of children. Its multi-religious content has brought it enough popularity to sell over 100,000 copies and to win the authors an interview on The Oprah Winfrey Show. [5]
[edit] A useful trade or profession
All Bahá'ís have the duty to do work that is useful to humanity. A major goal of Bahá'í education is therefore to prepare Bahá'ís to perform such work.
This is by no means the only goal (as the categories above and below indicate), or even necessarily the overriding one, but Bahá'ís are warned against courses of study which "begin and end in words":
- "The learned of the day must direct the people to acquire those branches of knowledge which are of use, that both the learned themselves and the generality of mankind may derive benefits therefrom. Such academic pursuits as begin and end in words alone have never been and will never be of any worth. The majority of Persia's learned doctors devote all their lives to the study of a philosophy the ultimate yield of which is nothing but words."
- Bahá'u'lláh, Tablets of Bahá'u'lláh Revealed after the Kitáb-i-Aqdas, p. 169. [6]
[edit] Literacy
The seventh Ishráq of Bahá'u'lláh's Ishráqat stipulates as follows:
- "Unto every father hath been enjoined the instruction of his son and daughter in the art of reading and writing... " [7]
While there do exist a number of preliterate or non-literate cultures, Bahá'ís assume the spread of literacy to be one of the signs of an "ever-advancing civilization." For example, a priesthood is not needed in this era because the ability to read and write is no longer restricted to a professional class, with the masses reduced to auditors of their sacred texts.
[edit] Languages
Bahá'ís expect the world's governments to one day cooperate in selecting an international auxiliary language to be used in global communication. After this is done, that language, along with one's mother tongue will be taught in schools all over the world.
- "It is incumbent upon all nations... to convene a gathering and through joint consultation choose one language from among the varied existing languages, or create a new one, to be taught to the children in all the schools of the world."
- Bahá'u'lláh, Tablets of Bahá'u'lláh, p. 165. [8]
Although Bahá'u'lláh rued the necessity of spending many years learning multiple languages, when only one could be selected, various authoritative writings do assume foreign languages to be included among the "useful subjects" which Bahá'ís will probably study.
[edit] Other subjects
The Bahá'í Faith has not yet endeavored to describe an ideal school curriculum, though its writings assume the usefulness of a wide variety of subjects.
- "You have asked him [Shoghi Effendi] for detailed information concerning the Bahá'í educational programme: there is as yet no such thing as a Bahá'í curriculum, and there are no Bahá'í publications exclusively devoted to this subject, since the teachings of Bahá'u'lláh and `Abdu'l-Bahá do not present a definite and detailed educational system, but simply offer certain basic principles and set forth a number of teaching ideals that should guide future Bahá'í educationalists in their efforts to formulate an adequate teaching curriculum which would be in full harmony with the spirit of the Bahá'í Teachings, and would thus meet the requirements and needs of the modern age.
- "These basic principles are available in the sacred writings of the Cause, and should be carefully studied, and gradually incorporated in various college and university programmes. But the task of formulating a system of education which would be officially recognized by the Cause, and enforced as such throughout the Bahá'í world is one which the present-day generation of believers cannot obviously undertake, and which has to be gradually accomplished by Bahá'í scholars and educationalists of the future."
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- From a letter dated 7 June, 1939 written on behalf of Shoghi Effendi to an individual believer. [9]
Bahá'í writings variously allude to mathematics, science, technology, commerce, industry, the liberal arts, and religion as suitable subjects for inclusion in an educational curriculum.
[edit] Pedagogical issues
In education theory, in addition to what is taught, it is also important to note how education is taught. In addition to the traditional mode of education, other forms of education exist such as alternative schools, unschooling, homeschooling, Montessori, and Waldorf education. The Bahá'í requirements for education does not necessarily reject any of these possibilities.
The Bahá'í Faith lacks an official, complete pedagogical theory. However, the writings contain a number of statements with a bearing upon teaching method.
[edit] Responsibility
The father is attributed with the responsibility for every child's education and should he fail to execute his responsibility to educate his children he can be compelled and even lose his rights as father. Mothers are acknowledged as the "first educators" of humanity, and their responsibility is equally confirmed. Beyond this, responsibility also falls to the community as a whole, as embodied in its Bahá'í institutions:
- "Among the sacred obligations devolving upon the Spiritual Assemblies is the promotion of learning, the establishing of schools and creation of the necessary academic equipment and facilities for every boy and girl."
- From a letter dated 8 June 1925 written by Shoghi Effendi to the National Spiritual Assembly of Persia. [10]
In the unfortunate event that parents and/or their communities cannot educate all their children, Bahá'í law stipulates that girls are to be given priority over boys.
[edit] Environmental factors
`Abdu'l-Bahá wrote about school uniforms, cleanliness and courtesy:
- "As to the organization of the schools: If possible the children should all wear the same kind of clothing, even if the fabric is varied. It is preferable that the fabric as well should be uniform; if, however, this is not possible, there is no harm done. The more cleanly the pupils are, the better; they should be immaculate. The school must be located in a place where the air is delicate and pure. The children must be carefully trained to be most courteous and well-behaved. They must be constantly encouraged and made eager to gain all the summits of human accomplishment, so that from their earliest years they will be taught to have high aims, to conduct themselves well, to be chaste, pure, and undefiled, and will learn to be of powerful resolve and firm of purpose in all things. Let them not jest and trifle, but earnestly advance unto their goals, so that in every situation they will be found resolute and firm."
- `Abdu'l-Bahá, Selections from the Writings of AAbdu'l-Bahá, p. 135. [11]
[edit] Bahá'í education in practice
Among the four core activities that Bahá'ís are currently urged to focus on, supporting children's classes and engaging in a sequence of courses known as study circles has become part of the community life of Bahá'ís around the world.
[edit] Ruhi sequence of courses
The most common sequence is called Ruhi (meaning: of the spirit), which was originally developed in Colombia and currently consists of 7 courses, with the themes from the Bahá'í writings of prayer, education, history, and more.
The following sequence of courses is:
- Book 1: Reflections on the Life of the Spirit
- Book 2: Arising to Serve
- Book 3: Children's Classes, Grade 1
- Book 4: The Twin Manifestations
- Book 5: Children's Classes, Grade 2
- Book 6: Teaching the Cause
- Book 7: Walking Together on a Path of Service
Book 8 and 9 are in development and are slated for release into the community gradually, the topics to be covered are the Covenant and the Family, respectively.
[edit] Core curriculum
The United States has developed a set of curriculum for children's classes known as the core curriculum.
[edit] Fundamental verities
Another sequence of courses uses for education of the Bahá'í teachings is called Fundamental Verities. This sequence was developed in the United States, and is not as common as the more widely-used Ruhi sequence.
[edit] Bahá'í House of Worship
The Bahá'í House of Worship is an institution alluded to in the writings of the Bahá'í Faith. In its entirety, it represents a temple for worship, hospital, university, hospice, and other humanitarian and educational structures. It will serve as the city center for future Bahá'í societies.
[edit] Social and economic development
Some of the more mature and able Bahá'í communities around the world have taken on the task of Social and Economic Development (SED) projects. These can vary from place to place depending on the needs of different areas. Some examples include programs for the free education of migrant workers, the employment of the homeless, or the support of displaced refugees. Individuals have also worked to reform educational practices in society, such as Dr. Dwight W. Allen, a Bahá'í, who co-authored American Schools: The 100 Billion Dollar Challenge with William H. Cosby, Jr in 2000;[1][2] and the work of Dr. Daniel Jordan in the ANISA Educational Model.[3] The Bahá'ís of the world have set up more than 300 academic "Bahá'í schools" around the world.[4]
[edit] Praise for teachers
The Bahá'í writings give a high praise for teachers, and, in the case that no personal will has been written, provide that some of a person's inheritance goes to their teachers.
- "Having attained the stage of fulfilment and reached his maturity, man standeth in need of wealth, and such wealth as he acquireth through crafts or professions is commendable and praiseworthy in the estimation of men of wisdom, and especially in the eyes of servants who dedicate themselves to the education of the world and to the edification of its peoples. They are, in truth, cup-bearers of the life-giving water of knowledge and guides unto the ideal way. They direct the peoples of the world to the straight path and acquaint them with that which is conducive to human upliftment and exaltation. The straight path is the one which guideth man to the dayspring of perception and to the dawning-place of true understanding and leadeth him to that which will redound to glory, honour and greatness.
- Bahá'u'lláh, Tablets of Bahá'u'lláh, p. 34. [12]
[edit] References
- ^ Darden Collete of Education (2006-03-20). Dr. Dwight W. Allen, Professor, Dept. of Educational Curriculum and Instruction. Old Dominion University. Retrieved on 2006-10-22.
- ^ Cosby, William H.; Allen, Dwight (2000-10-15). American Schools: The 100 Billion Dollar Challenge. Warner Books. ISBN 075955000X.
- ^ A Summary Statement on the ANISA Model(with a dozen PhD theses on the model to date.)
- ^ Educators for Social and Economic Development (2006-12-28). Links to Baha'i Inspired Schools & Educational Initiatives. Educators for Social and Economic Development. Retrieved on 2006-10-22.
- Bahá'í Education, compiled by the UHJ Research Department
- Linda Kavelin-Popov, Dan Popov & John Kavelin (1997). The Family Virtues Guide: Simple Ways to Bring out the Best in our Children and Ourselves. Penguin Books of Canada Ltd.. ISBN 0452278104.
- Handal, Boris. The philosophy of Bahá'í education. Religion and Education, (34)1, 48-62, 2007.
