Bénédict Morel
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Bénédict Augustin Morel (November 22, 1809–March 30, 1873), was an Austrian-French physician who was a seminal figure in the field of psychiatry in 19th century Europe.
Morel coined the term démence precoce in 1853 to describe a mental disorder which initially struck males when they were teens or young adults, and eventually led to deterioration of mental functioning and disability. Austrian neurologist Arnold Pick and German psychologist Emil Kraepelin later developed the concept, calling it by the Latin name of dementia praecox, which is now known as schizophrenia, a term coined by Swiss psychologist Eugen Bleuler in 1908.
Morel's interest in psychiatry was enhanced in the mid-1840s when he visited several mental institutions throughout Europe. In 1848 he was appointed director of the Asile d'Aliénés de Maréville at Nancy. Here he introduced reforms regarding the welfare of the mentally ill, particularly liberalization of restraining methods. At the Maréville asylum he studied the mentally handicapped, researching their family histories and examining aspects such as poverty and early physical illnesses. He also believed that external agents such as alcohol and drugs could be a factor in the course of mental development.
Morel, influenced by various pre-Darwinian theories of evolution, particularly those which attributed a powerful role to acclimation, saw mental deficiency as the end stage of a process of mental deterioration. In the 1850s, Morel developed his theory of "degeneration," concerning mental problems from early life to adulthood. In 1857, he published the Traité des dégénérescences physiques, intellectuelles et morales de l'espèce humaine et des causes qui produisent ces variétés maladives, in which he argued that some illnesses are caused by degeneration.
[edit] Partial Bibliography:
- Traité des maladies mentales. 2 volumes; Paris, 1852-1853; 2nd edition, 1860. (In the 2nd edition he coined the term démence-precoce to refer to mental degeneration.}
- Le no-restraint ou de l’abolition des moyens coercitifs dans le traitement de la folie. Paris, 1861
- Du goître et du crétinisme, étiologie, prophylaxie etc. Paris, 1864
- De la formation des types dans les variétés dégénérées. Volume 1; Rouen, 1864
