Aybak

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

"Aybeg" redirects here. For the Mongol envoy, see Aïbeg and Serkis.
For the place in Afghanistan, see Aybak, Afghanistan.

Izz al-Din Aybak (Turkish: Aybeg [1]  ; Arabic: عز الدين أيبك) (epithet: al-Malik al-Mu'izz Izz al-Din Aybak al-Jashnakir al-Turkmani al-Salihi (Arabic: الملك المعز عز الدين أيبك التركماني الجاشنكير الصالحى)) (d. 1257, Cairo) was the first of the Mamluk sultans of Egypt in the Turkish, or Bahri, line.[2][3][4][5]

Contents

[edit] Origin and early career

Ayyubid dominion before Mamluks took power in Egypt.
Ayyubid dominion before Mamluks took power in Egypt.

He ruled from 1250 to 1257. He was an Emir of Turkic origin who served with other Turkmens in the court of the Ayyubid sultan as-Salih Ayyub and therefore was known among the Bahri Mamluks as Aybak al-Turkmani. He raised to the position of Emir (prince) and worked as a Jashnkir (taster of the sultan's food and drink)[6] and used the rank of a Khawanja (Sultan's accountant).[7]

After the death of as-Salih Ayyub during the Frankish invasion of Damietta in 1249 and the tragic murder of his heir and son Turanshah in 1250, Shajar al-Durr , the widow of as-Salih Ayyub, with the help and support of the Mamluks of her late husband, seized the throne and became the Sultana of Egypt. The Ayyubids lost control over Egypt.

Both the Ayyubids in Syria and the Abbasid Caliph al-Musta'sim in Baghdad defied the Mamluk move in Egypt and refused to recognize Shajar al-Dur as a Sultana[8] but the Mamluks in Egypt renewed their oath to the new Sultana and appointed Aybak to the important position of Atabeg (commander in chief).

[edit] Rise to power

Feeling uneasy when the Syrian Emirs refused to pay homage to Shajar Addur and granted Damascus to an-Nasir Yusuf the Ayyubbid emir of Aleppo, Shajar al-Durr married Aybak then abdicated and passed the throne to Aybak after she ruled Egypt for 80 days.[9]

Aybak, the new sultan of Egypt, was given the royal name al-Malik al-Muizz. Until then, Aybak relied foremost on four Mamluks: Faris ad-Din Aktai, Baibars al-Bunduqdari, and Bilban al-Rashidi.[10][11]

To consolidate the position of Aybak on the throne of Egypt, and attempting to satisfy their opponents in Syria and Baghdad, the Mamluks nominated the 6-year-old al-malik Sharaf Muzafer al-Din Musa,[12] who was one of the Syrian branch of the Ayyubid family[13] as a cosultan[14] and announced that Aybak is merely a representative of the Abbasid Caliph in Baghdad. In addition, and to display his loyalty to his deceased Ayyubid master as-Salih Ayyub, Aybak made funeral ceremony for as-Salih and buried him in the tomb which as-Salih built before his death near his Madrasah in the district of Bain al-Qasrain in Cairo.[15][16] [17]

[edit] Ayyubid challenge

An-Nasir Yusuf sent his forces to Gaza to conquer Egypt and overthrow Aybak but his forces were defeated by Emir Faris ad-Din Aktai. Then he led a huge army and clashed with Aybak's army near al-Salihiya but at the end of the battle he was forced to flee to Damascus while his son Turanshah,[18] his brother Nosrat ad-Din and al-Malik al-Ashraf the Emir of Aleppo were among the prisoners caught by Aybak's army.[19] Aybak's triumphs over the Ayyobids of Syria consolidated his position as a ruler of Egypt.[20] Through negotiation and mediation of the Abbasid Caliph, Aybak freed the Ayyubid prisoners and gained control over southern Palestine including Gaza and Jerusalem and the Syrian coast.[21] Feeling secure by his victories and his agreement with the Ayyubids, Aybak imprisoned the young Ayyubid cosultan Musa and appointed Qutuz as vice-sultan in 1252.

[edit] Rebellion

In 1253 a serious rebellion led by Hisn al-Din Thalab in upper and middle Egypt was crashed by Aktai the leader of the Bahri Mamluks. By defeating the Ayyubid forces of an-Nasir Yusuf and the crashing of the rebellion of Thalab the power of Emir Aktai and his Mamluks increased and they began to form a new threat to the authority of Aybak. When Aktai asked Aybak to allow him to live inside the citadel[22] with his future wife who was the sister of al-Malik al-Mansour the Emir of Hama, Aybak became convinced that Aktai and his Mamluks had the intention to overthrow him and, thus, he decieded to get rid of them.[23]

[edit] Crackdown on Mamluks

In a conspiracy with Qutuz and a few Mamluks, Aybak invited Aktai to the citadel and had him murdered. Watching the head of Aktai thrown out the citadel, the Mamluks, among them Baibars al-Bunduqdari and Qalawun al-Alfi, fled during the night to Damascus, Al-Karak and the Seljuk Sultanate of Rûm . Aybak plundered the properties of the Mamluks and retracted Alexandria which Aktai controlled as own domain since 1252. Those who could not flee were either imprisoned or executed. As soon as he finished with Aktai and his Mamluks, Aybak dethroned the child cosultan al-Shraf Musa and sent him back to his aunts' house which was his home before they made him a cosultan. Now Aybak was the absolute and sole ruler of Egypt and parts of Syria but shortly afterwards he settled a new agreement with an-Nasir Yusuf which limited his power to Egypt only.[24]

In 1255 a new rebellion led by his namesake Izz al-Din Aybak al-Afram arose in upper Egypt and forces of an-Nasir Yusuf arrived to the Egyptian border, this time accompanied by the Mamluks who fled to Syria, including Baibars al-Bunduqdari and Qalawun al-Alfi.

[edit] Bizarre end

Being in need to form an alliance with an important Emir who can help him against the threat of the Mamluks who fled to Syria,[25] Aybak decided in 1257 to marry the daughter of Badr ad-Din Lo'alo'a the Emir of al-Mousil. Shajar al-Durr, who already had disputes with Aybak,[26] felt betrayed by the man who she made a Sultan and had him murdered after he ruled Egypt seven years. On the day of his death he was about 60 years old and had a few sons, among them Nasir ad-Din khan and al-Mansur Ali.[27]

The 15-year-old son Ali became the new sultan taking the royal name al-Malik al-Mansur Nour ad-Din Ali with Qutuz as a vice-sultan.

[edit] Impact

Aybak was not liked nor respected by the Egyptians though he was remembered by the historian as a courageous and generous Sultan.[28][29] He built a Madrasah in Cairo known by the name al-Madrasah al-Mu'izzyah.[30]

Aybak ruled in a turbulent time. In addition to his conflicts with an-Nasir Yusuf in Syria and Emir Aktai and his Mamluks in Egypt, there were threats from external forces, namely the Crusaders and Louis IX of France who were in Acre waiting for a chance to score a success against the Muslims after their humiliating defeat in Egypt in 1250[31] and the Mongols led by Hulagu who were starting to raid the eastern boarders of the Islamic world.[32]

Before their deaths, Aybak and Shajar al-Durr firmly established the Mamluk dynasty that would ultimately repulse the Mongols, expel the European Crusaders from the Holy Land, and would remain the most powerful political force in the Middle East until the coming of the Ottomans.

Regnal titles
Preceded by
Shajar al-Durr		 Sultan of Egypt
1250 – 1257
with Al-Ashraf Musa (1250–1252)		 Succeeded by
Al-Mansur Ali

[edit] See also

[edit] Notes

  1. ^ The name Aybeg or Aybak is a combination of two Turkic words, "Ay" = Moon and "Beg" or variant "Bak" = Emir in Arabic. -(Al-Maqrizi, Note p.463/vol.1 )
  2. ^ Though Aybak is regarded by historian as a Mamluk, he actually served in the court of as-Salih Ayyub as an Emir and not as a Mamluk.- Shayal, p. 153/ vol.2- Al-Maqrizi, p. 463/vol.1 - According to Ibn Taghri as-Salih Ayyub bought him before he became a Sultan and he promoted him to the position an Emir. The rank which Aybak used was of a Khawanja (خوانجا‏ Sultan's accountant ). Ibn Taghri, PP.103-273/ The Sultanate of al-Muizz Aybak al-Turkumani.
  3. ^ Some historians, however, consider Shajar Adurr as the first of the Mamluk Sultans. Shayal, p.115/vol.2.
  4. ^ Al-Maqrizi, also, described Shajar Adurr as the first of the Mamluk sultans of Turkic origin. al-Maqrizi, p.459/ vol.1
  5. ^ Encyclopaedia Britannica Online - Aybak article. web page
  6. ^ Al-Maqrizi, p.463/ vol.1
  7. ^ See note 1.
  8. ^ The Abbasid Caliph al-Musta'sim sent a message from Baghdad to the Mamluks in Egypt that said :"If you do not have men there tell us so we can send you men."- Al-Maqrizi, p.464/vol1
  9. ^ Al-Maqrizi, pp.462-463/vol.1
  10. ^ Al-Maqrizi, p.472/vol.1
  11. ^ Ibn Taghri, pp.103-273/ The Sultanate of al-Muizz Aybak al-Turkumani.
  12. ^ Also known as Al-Nasir salah ad-Din Yusuf. - Al-Maqrizi, p.464/vol.1- Ibn Taghri, pp.103-273/ The Sultanate of al-Muizz Aybak al-Turkumani.
  13. ^ al-malik Sharaf Muzafer al-Din Musa was a grandson of al-Malik al-Kamil. Al-Maqrizi, p.464/vol.1 - Shayal, p.115/ vol.2 - Ibn Taghri, pp.103-273/ The Sultanate of al-Muizz Aybak al-Turkumani,
  14. ^ Coins were minted with name of Aybak on one side and name of al-Ashraf Musa on the other and documents and official letters were signed by both.- Al-Maqrizi, p. 465/vol.1
  15. ^ Al-Maqrizi, p. 464/vol.1
  16. ^ Shayal, p.116/vol.2
  17. ^ The death of as-Salih Ayyub was concealed by his wife Shajar ad-Durr as Egypt was under the attack of the Seventh Crusade and his coffined body was transported by a boat in secret to the castle of al-Rudah island in the Nile where it stayed till was buried by Aybak in the Sultan's tomb near as-Salih's Madrasah. ( Al-Maqrizi, pp. 441-443/vol.1 ) See also Shajar al-Durr.
  18. ^ Not to be confused with his namesake Sultan Turanshah the son of as-Salih Ayyub.
  19. ^ Ibn Taghri, PP.103-273/ The Sultanate of al-Muizz Aybak al-Turkumani.
  20. ^ Ibn Taghri, PP.103-273/ The Sultanate of al-Muizz Aybak al-Turkumani.
  21. ^ Shayal,p.116/ vol.2
  22. ^ Citadel of the Mountain was the abode and court of the sultan in Cairo
  23. ^ Ibn Taghri, PP.103-273/ The Sultanate of al-Muizz Aybak al-Turkumani.
  24. ^ Ibn Taghri, PP.103-273/ The Sultanate of al-Muizz Aybak al-Turkumani.
  25. ^ Shayal, p.119/ vol.2
  26. ^ Aybak's conflict with the Mamluks and his attempt to increase his supremacy over political matters had its effect on his relation with Shajar Al-Durr. According to Al-Maqrizi, Aybak decided to liquidate Shajar Al-Durr after he was warned that she contacted An-Nasir Yusuf and promised him to make him the Sultan of Egypt. Al-Maqrizi, pp.493-494/vol.1
  27. ^ Ibn Taghri, PP.103-273/ The Sultanate of al-Muizz Aybak al-Turkumani.
  28. ^ Ibn Taghri, PP.103-273/ The Sultanate of al-Muizz Aybak al-Turkumani.
  29. ^ In Sirat al-Zahir Baibars, which is a fiction mixed with reality and a product of folklore, Aybak appears as a wicked and a feeble man. See Sirat al-Zahir Baibars.
  30. ^ Ibn Taghri, PP.103-273/ The Sultanate of al-Muizz Aybak al-Turkumani.
  31. ^ See Battle of Al Mansurah and Battle of Fariskur
  32. ^ In 1252 during Aybak reign Mongols raided towns and territories on the eastern border of the Islamic world. - Al-Maqrizi, p.477/vol.1

[edit] References

  • Abu al-Fida, The Concise History of Humanity
  • Al-Maqrizi, Al Selouk Leme'refatt Dewall al-Melouk, Dar al-kotob, 1997.
  • Idem in English: Bohn, Henry G., The Road to Knowledge of the Return of Kings, Chronicles of the Crusades, AMS Press, 1969.
  • Al-Maqrizi, al-Mawaiz wa al-'i'tibar bi dhikr al-khitat wa al-'athar,Matabat aladab,Cairo 1996, ISBN977-241-175X.
  • Idem in French: Bouriant, Urbain , Description topographique et historique de l'Egypte,Paris 1895
  • Ibn Taghri, al-Nujum al-Zahirah Fi Milook Misr wa al-Qahirah, al-Hay'ah al-Misreyah 1968
  • History of Egypt, 1382-1469 A.D. by Yusef. William Popper, translator Abu L-Mahasin ibn Taghri Birdi, University of California Press 1954
  • Sadawi,H., Al-Mamalik, Maroof Ikhwan, Alexandria.
  • Shayal, Jamal, Prof. of Islamic history, Tarikh Misr al-Islamiyah (History of Islamic Egypt), dar al-Maref, Cairo 1266, ISBN 977-02-5975-6
  • The New Encyclopædia Britannica, Macropædia, H.H. Berton Publisher, 1973-1974