Austrian Civil War
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The Austrian Civil War (German: Österreichischer Bürgerkrieg), also known as the February Uprising, is a term sometimes used for a few days of skirmishes between socialist and conservative-fascist forces between 12 February and 16 February 1934 in Austria. The clashes started in Linz and took place principally in the cities of Vienna, Graz, Bruck an der Mur, Judenburg, Wiener Neustadt and Steyr, but also in some other industrial cities of eastern and central Austria.
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[edit] Origins of the conflict
After the disintegration of the Austro-Hungarian Empire (following World War I), the state of Austria - comprising, by and large, the German-speaking parts of the former empire - became constituted as a parliamentary democracy. Two major factions dominated politics in the new nation: socialists (represented politically by the Social Democratic Party of Austria) and conservatives (politically represented by the Christian Social Party). The socialists found their strongholds in the working-class districts of the cities, while the conservatives could build on the support of the rural population and of most of the upper classes. The conservatives also maintained close alliances with the Roman Catholic Church, and could count among their ranks some leading clerics.
As in most of the nascent European democracies of the time, politics in Austria took on a highly ideological flavour. Both the socialist and the conservative camp did not merely consist of political parties, but possessed far-ranging power structures, including their own paramilitary forces. The conservatives began organizing the Heimwehr (German: home guard) in 1921-1923; the Social Democrats organized paramilitaries called the Schutzbund (German: defense league) after 1923. Altercations and clashes between these forces (at political rallies, etc.) occurred frequently.
A first major incident ensued early in 1927, when members of the Frontkämpfervereinigung ("Front Combat Union" - a paramilitary association likewise affiliated with the conservative camp) shot and killed an eight-year-old boy and a war-veteran marching with the Schutzbund in a counter-demonstration in Schattendorf (Burgenland). In July three defendants in the case were acquitted, which led to outrage in the leftist camp although the acquittal had been issued by one of the first Austrian courts to operate under an independent jury system, the introduction of which had been a long-standing socialist demand. On 15 July 1927 a general strike occurred, and demonstrations took place in the capital. After the storming of a police station, security forces started shooting at demonstrators. An angry mob then set fire to the Palace of Justice (Justizpalast), seen as a symbol of a flawed and partial judicial system. Altogether, 89 people (85 of them demonstrators) lost their lives in this July Revolt of 1927, and many hundreds suffered injury. Surprisingly, the violence soon died down and the factions took their battle from the streets back into the political institutions.
However, the travails of the First Republic only got worse in the following years. The Great Depression also showed its effects in Austria, resulting in high unemployment and massive inflation. In addition, from 1933 - the year Hitler became Chancellor of Germany - National Socialist sympathizers (who wanted a unification of Austria with Hitler's Germany) threatened the Austrian state from within.
[edit] The conflict
On March 4, 1933, Christian Social Chancellor Engelbert Dollfuß suspended the Austrian Parliament. In a close vote (on railway workers' wages) in the National Council, each of the three presidents of parliament resigned their position in order to cast a ballot, leaving nobody to preside over the meeting. Even though the bylaws could have resolved this situation, Dollfuss used this opportunity to declare that parliament had ceased to function, and blocked all attempts to reconvene it. The Social Democratic Party had thus lost its major platform for political action. The conservatives, facing pressure and violence not only from the left but also from Nazism infiltrating from Germany, could now rule by decree on the basis of a 1917 emergency law, without checks on their power, and began to suspend civil liberties. They banned the Schutzbund and imprisoned many of its members.
On 12 February 1934, a forced led by Heimwehr commander in Vienna Emil Fey search Hotel Schiff in Linz, property belonging to the Social Democratic Party. Linz Schutzbund commander Richard Bernaschek was the first to actively resist, sparking off armed conflict between a conglomeration of the Heimwehr, the police, the gendarmerie, and the regular Federal Army against the outlawed, but still existent, socialist Schutzbund[12]. Skirmishes between the two camps spread to other cities and towns in Austria, with the heat of the action occurring in Vienna. There, members of the Schutzbund barricaded themselves in city council housing estates (Gemeindebauten), the symbols and strongholds for the socialist movement in Austria, such as Karl-Marx-Hof. Police and paramilitaries took up positions outside these fortified complexes and the parties exchanged fire, initially only with small arms. Fighting also occurred in industrial towns such as Steyr, Sankt Pölten, Weiz, Eggenberg bei Graz, Kapfenberg, Bruck an der Mur, Graz, Ebensee and Wörgl.
An apparently decisive moment in the events came with the entry of the Austrian military into the conflict. Though the army remained still a comparatively independent institution, chancellor Dollfuß reluctantly shelled Karl-Marx-Hof with light artillery, endangering the lives of thousands of civilians and destroying many apartments before forcing the socialist fighters to surrender[13]. Viennese and Upper Austrian fighting ended by February 13, but continued heavily in Styrian cities, especially in Bruck an der Mur and Judenburg, until February 14 or 15. After that there were only small groups of socialists fighting against the military, or fleeing from it. By 16 February 1934 the Austrian Civil War had ended.
[edit] The fallout
Several hundred people (including paramilitaries, members of the security forces and civilians) died in the armed conflict; more than a thousand suffered wounds. The authorities tried and executed nine Schutzbund leaders under the provisions of martial law. In addition, over 1,500 arrests were made. Leading socialist politicians, such as Otto Bauer, were forced into exile [14]. The incidents of February 1934 were taken as a pretext by the government to prohibit the Social Democratic Party and its affiliated trade unions altogether. In May, the conservatives replaced the democratic constitution by a corporatist constitution modeled along the lines of Mussolini's fascist Italy; therefore the socialists coined the term Austrofascism although the underlying ideology was essentially that of the most conservative elements in the Austrian Catholic clergy, a feature inconsistent with both Fascism and Nazism. The Patriotic Front (Vaterländische Front), into which the Heimwehr and the Christian Social Party were merged, became the only legal political party in the resulting authoritarian regime, the Ständestaat.
[edit] Long-term effects
Though small in scale in an international comparison (and small in scale indeed in the light of the horrible events of World War II which soon followed), the Austrian Civil War nevertheless proved a decisive moment in the history of the Republic. After World War II, when Austria re-emerged on the political landscape as a sovereign nation, politics again fell under the domination of the Social Democrats and the conservatives, who now formed a party called the Austrian People's Party (ÖVP). However, so as to avoid a repeat of the bitter divisions of the First Republic, the leaders of the Second Republic were determined to put the idea of broad consensus at the heart of the new political system. The concept of the 'Grand Coalition' was introduced, in which the two major parties (Social Democrats and People's Party) shared in the government and avoided open confrontation. This system brought with it stability and continuity, but ultimately lead to other political repercussions (also see Proporz). But the events of the Austrian Civil War had persuaded many in the political establishment (and, indeed, the population at large) that a slow pace of political reform was a small price to pay for social calm.
However, Austrian political parties often stand accused of having done little to come to terms with the past. Even at the beginning of the 21st century, Austria's society bears the clear marks of division into the "red" (socialist) and "black" (conservative) areas of influence that trace back to the time of the First Republic and its civil war. This continues to cause extensive parallelzation even where ideology should not play the least role, such as in first aid services, automotive organizations, and science.
[edit] See also
[edit] External links
- This article includes information translated from the German-language Wikipedia article de:Österreichischer Bürgerkrieg. The German-language article cites the following sources:
- Erika Weinzierl: Der Februar 1934 und die Folgen für Österreich. Picus Verlag, Wien 1994, ISBN 3-85452-331-9
- Irene Etzersdorfer / Hans Schafranek (Hrsg.): Der Februar 1934 in Wien. Erzählte Geschichte. Verlag Autorenkollektiv. Wien 1984, ISBN 3-85442-030-7
- Hans Schafranek, "Die Führung waren wir selber" - Militanz und Resignation im Februar 1934 am Beispiel Kaisermühlen, in: Helmut Konrad/Wolfgang Maderthaner (Hrsg.), Neuere Studien zur Arbeitergeschichte, Bd.II: Beiträge zur politischen Geschichte, Wien 1984, S.439 - 469.
- Stephan Neuhäuser (Hrsg.): “Wir werden ganze Arbeit leisten“ - Der austrofaschistische Staatsstreich 1934. Books on Demand, Norderstedt 2004, ISBN 3-8334-0873-1
- Emmerich Tálos, Wolfgang Neugebauer (Hrsg.): Austrofaschismus. Politik, Ökonomie, Kultur. 1933-1938. 5. Auflage. Lit, Wien 2005, ISBN 3-8258-7712-4
- Robert Streibel: Februar in der Provinz. Eine Spurensicherung zum 12. Februar 1934 in Niederösterreich, Grünbach Edition Geschichte der Heimat 1994, ISBN 3-900943-20-6.
- Strohal, Eberhard (1988). Die Erste Republik (series title: kurz & bündig). Vienna: hpt-Verlag.
[edit] References
- ^ Jelavich, Barbara (1989). Modern Austria : Empire & Republic 1815-1986. Cambridge University Press, pp. 183. ISBN 0 521 31625 1.
- ^ Brook-Shepherd, Gordon (1996). The Austrians : a thousand-year odyssey. HarperCollins, pp. 281. ISBN 0 00 638255 X.
- ^ Brook-Shepherd, Gordon (1996). The Austrians : a thousand-year odyssey. HarperCollins, pp. 282. ISBN 0 00 638255 X.
- ^ Brook-Shepherd, Gordon (1996). The Austrians : a thousand-year odyssey. HarperCollins, pp. 281. ISBN 0 00 638255 X.
- ^ Jelavich, Barbara (1989). Modern Austria : Empire & Republic 1815-1986. Cambridge University Press, pp. 202. ISBN 0 521 31625 1.
- ^ Lehne, Inge; Lonnie Johnson (1985). Vienna- The Past in the Present. Österreichischer Bundersverlag Gesellschaft, pp. 136. ISBN 3-215-05758-1.
- ^ Brook-Shepherd, Gordon (1996). The Austrians : a thousand-year odyssey. HarperCollins, pp. 281. ISBN 0 00 638255 X.
- ^ Jelavich, Barbara (1989). Modern Austria : Empire & Republic 1815-1986. Cambridge University Press, pp. 202. ISBN 0 521 31625 1.
- ^ Brook-Shepherd, Gordon (1996). The Austrians : a thousand-year odyssey. HarperCollins, pp. 281. ISBN 0 00 638255 X.
- ^ Jelavich, Barbara (1989). Modern Austria : Empire & Republic 1815-1986. Cambridge University Press, pp. 202. ISBN 0 521 31625 1.
- ^ Brook-Shepherd, Gordon (1996). The Austrians : a thousand-year odyssey. HarperCollins, pp. 281. ISBN 0 00 638255 X.
- ^ Brook-Shepherd, Gordon (1996). The Austrians : a thousand-year odyssey. HarperCollins, pp. 280-281. ISBN 0 00 638255 X.
- ^ Susanne, Reppe (1993). Der Karl-Marx-Hof. Picus Verlag Wien, pp. 79. ISBN 3-85452-118-9.
- ^ Brook-Shepherd, Gordon (1996). The Austrians : a thousand-year odyssey. HarperCollins, pp. 283. ISBN 0 00 638255 X.
