Augmented second
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An augmented second is enharmonically equivalent to a minor third in equal temperament, but is not the same interval in other meantone tunings. In any tuning close to 1/4 comma meantone it will be close to the 7:6 ratio of the septimal minor third. Hence the distinction is not, as often thought and even taught, a purely formal and contextual one, but reflects the tuning practice of much of the common practice period.
Augmented seconds occur in many scales, most importantly the harmonic minor and its various modes. They also occur in the various "gypsy minor" scales (which consist almost entirely of augmented and minor seconds). In harmonic minor scales, the augmented second occurs between the sixth and seventh scale degrees. For example, in the scale of A harmonic minor, the notes F and G# form the interval of an augmented second. This distinguishing feature of harmonic minor scales occurs as a consequence of the seventh scale degree having been chromatically raised in order to allow chords in a minor key to follow the same rules of cadence observed in major keys, where the V chord is "dominant" (that is, contains a major triad plus a minor seventh).
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