Asian Latin American

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Asian Latin American
Ana Gabriel • Franklin Chang-Diaz Juliana Imai • Alberto Fujimori
Total population
4,402,826
Regions with significant populations
Brazil, Peru, Argentina, Cuba, Mexico
Languages
Portuguese, Spanish, Chinese, Hindi, Japanese, Korean, Hmong, Tagalog, Vietnamese, others
Religions
Buddhism, Christianity, Hinduism, Shintoism

An Asian Latin American is a Latin American of Asian descent.

Asian Latin Americans have a centuries-long history in the region, starting with Filipinos in the 16th century. The heyday of Asian immigration occurred in the 19th and 20th centuries, however.

There are currently more than four million Asian Latin Americans, nearly 1% of Latin America's population. Chinese and Japanese are the group's largest ancestries, of which the next includes Koreans, Filipinos, Vietnamese, Indians, and Hmong.

Brazil is home to the largest population of Asian Latin Americans, at some 2.3 million. The highest percentage of any country in the region is 3%, in Peru.

Politics, music, anthropology, sport, humour, business: these are but some of the areas in which Asian Latin Americans have contributed to their countries and the world.

There has been emigration from these communities in recent decades, so that there are now hundreds of thousands of people of Asian Latin American origin in both Japan and the United States.

Contents 1 History 2 Geographic distribution 2.1 Emigrant communities 2.1.1 Japan 2.1.2 Asian Latinos 3 Composition 4 Notable persons 5 See also 5.1 Ethnic groups 6 External links 7 References

[edit] History

The first Asian Latin Americans were Filipinos who made their way to Latin America (particularly Mexico) in the 16th century, as sailors, crews, slaves, prisoners, adventurers and soldiers during the Spanish colonial period of the Philippines. For two and a half centuries (between 1565 and 1815) many Filipinos sailed on the Manila-Acapulco Galleons, assisting in the Spanish Empire's monopoly in trade. Some of these sailors never returned to the Philippines, and many of their descendants can be found in small communities around Baja California, Sonora, Michoacán, Guerrero, Culiacán, Guadalajara, Mexico City, Veracruz and the Yucatan Peninsula.

Most Asians, however, arrived in the 19th and 20th century as contract workers or coolies, others as economic refugees (especially from China and Japan), or as political or war refugees (victims of World War II, the Korean War, the Vietnam War and the Cultural Revolution in 1966 China).

Today, the overwhelming majority of Asian Latin Americans are of Chinese, Japanese, or Korean descent, yet with Vietnamese the most significant group thereafter. While Vietnamese Latin Americans are almost entirely confined to Cuba, other Asian groups are represented throughout Latin America.

[edit] Geographic distribution

Four and a half million Latin Americans (almost 1% of the total population of Latin America) are of Asian descent. The number may be millions higher, even more so if all who have partial ancestry are included. For example, Asian Peruvians are estimated at 3% of the population there, but one source places the number of all Peruvians with at least some Chinese ancestry at 4.2 million, which equates to 15% of the country's total population.^[1]

Most who are of Japanese descent reside in Brazil, Peru and Bolivia, while significant populations of Chinese ancestry are found in Argentina, Brazil, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Panama, Peru, Puerto Rico, Mexico, Venezuela, and Costa Rica (where they make up about 1% of the total population). Nicaragua is home to 12,000 ethnic Chinese; the majority reside in Managua and on the Caribbean coast. Smaller communities of Chinese, numbering just in the hundreds or thousands, are also found in Colombia, Ecuador and various other Latin American countries. There is also a significant Filipino and Taiwanese community in El Salvador.^{[citation needed]} The largest Korean communities are in Chile, Brazil, Paraguay, Mexico and Argentina. There are around 50,000 living in Guatemala. There is also a Hmong community in Argentina. Panama and Venezuela have small Asian Indian communities.

In Peru, Asians (primarily ethnic Japanese and Chinese) constitute 3% of the population by some estimates, the largest as a percentage of any Latin American country.^{[citation needed]} Japanese Peruvians have a considerable economic position in Peru.^[2] Many past and present Peruvian Cabinet members are ethnic Asians and former president Alberto Fujimori is of Japanese ancestry.

Brazil is home to the largest Japanese community outside of Japan, numbering about 1.5 million.^[3]

[edit] Emigrant communities

[edit] Japan

Japanese Brazilian immigrants to Japan numbered 250,000 in 2004, constituting Japan's second-largest immigrant population.^[4] Their experiences bear similarities to those of Japanese Peruvian immigrants, who are often relegated to low income jobs typically occupied by foreigners and, as with other immigrants, are vulnerable to the Yakuza.^[2]

[edit] Asian Latinos

Most Asian Latin Americans who have migrated to the United States and Canada live in the largest cities, often in Asian American, Asian Canadian, or Hispanic and Latino communities in Los Angeles, Vancouver, New York City, Chicago, San Francisco, Toronto, Houston, San Diego and Imperial Valley, California, Dallas-Fort Worth and Miami (mainly Chinese Cubans). They and their descendants are sometimes known as Asian Hispanics or Asian Latinos.

In the 2000 US Census, 119,829 Hispanic or Latino Americans identified as being of Asian ancestry alone.^[5] In 2006 the Census Bureau's American Community Survey estimated them at 154,694,^[6] while its Population Estimates, which are official, put them at 277,704.^[7]

Some notable Americans of Asian and Hispanic or Latino heritage include Carlos Galvan, Kelis, and Chino Moreno.

[edit] Composition

Asian Latin American population (incomplete data)

Nation	Chinese	Indian[8]	Japanese[9][10]	Korean	Filipino	Others
Argentina	60,000	1,600	6,604	35,000[11]
Bolivia	5,900[12]		7,986
Brazil	190,000[13]	1,900	1,500,000[14]	50,000
Chile	11,000[12]	596	880	1,163
Colombia	11,000[12]	20
Costa Rica	7,873[15]	16
Cuba	113,828[16]		616
Dominican Republic	50,000		3,000	800
Ecuador	15,000[12]	5
El Salvador	1,700[17]
Guatemala	2,700[12]	2,000[18]	400	50,000
Honduras	5,200[12]			2,900[12]
Mexico	35,000[19]	400	15,000	20,000[20]	200,000[21]
Nicaragua	12,000[12]
Panama	200,000	2,164	456
Paraguay	10,000[12]		10,321	7,200[12]
Peru	100,000[22]	145	35,685
Puerto Rico		4,500[23]
Uruguay	200[12]		456
Venezuela	400,000[24]	690	828

[edit] Notable persons

• Jorge Cham, creator of the popular comic strip Piled Higher and Deeper; Chinese Panamanian
• Franklin Chang-Diaz, former NASA astronaut; Chinese Costa Rican
• Bruce Chen, Major League Baseball pitcher; Chinese Panamanian
• Alberto Fujimori, President of Peru from 1990 to 2000; Japanese Peruvian
• Keiko Fujimori, congresswoman; Japanese Peruvian
• Ana Gabriel, singer and composer; Chinese-Japanese Mexican
• Hiromi Hayakawa, singer; Japanese Mexican
• Myrna Mack, anthropologist; Chinese-Mayan Guatemalan
• Barbara Mori, actress; Japanese Uruguayan
• Pedro Shimose, poet; Japanese Bolivian
• Arlen Siu, martyr of the 1979 Sandinista revolution; Chinese Nicaraguan
• Erasmo Wong, entrepreneur and owner of various retail chains; Chinese Peruvian

[edit] See also

[edit] Ethnic groups

• Chinese Mexican
• Filipino Mexican
• Korean Mexican
• Indo-Caribbean
• Japanese Brazilian
• Japanese Peruvian
• Filipino Brazilian

[edit] External links

• Asian-Latino Intermarriage in The Americas
• The Importance of Being Japanese in Bolivia

[edit] References

v • d • e Asian Americans East Asian Chinese · Japanese · Korean · Mongolian · Taiwanese South Asian Bangladeshi · Indian · Indo-Caribbean · Nepalese · Pakistani · Sri Lankan · Tibetan† Southeast Asian Burmese · Cambodian · Filipino · Hmong · Indonesian · Laotian · Malaysian · Mien · Thai · Vietnamese Other Afro-Asian · Amerasian · Asian Latino † Otherwise considered South or Central Asian.

v • d • e Chinese immigration to the Americas North America United States (Hawaii ·· American-born Chinese) · Canada Latin America Brazil · Peru · Argentina · Nicaragua West Indies Cuba · Jamaica · Puerto Rico · Trinidad & Tobago