Wikipedia:Articles for creation/2008-05-30
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[edit] Jordan McGraw
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[edit] Pour Judgement
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[edit] Gerard Gaspel
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[edit] Scott Matthew Woolf
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[edit] Robert H. Birch
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[edit] Kicesie
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[edit] Cuses of the Reign of Terror
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[edit] Guillaume Le Testu
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Infobox Person
]]}} Guillaume Le Testu, also called Tetu, (c. 1509 or 1512-April 29, 1573) was a 16th century French corsair, explorer and navigator during the Elizabethan age. A successful privateer during the early years of the French Wars of Religion, he and Sir Frances Drake attacked a Spanish mule train escorting gold and silver to Nombre de Dios in 1573 and was subsequently killed following his capture by the Spanish. He was one of the foremost cartographers of his time, being one of the last students to be taught at Dieppe, and is one the authors of the Dieppe maps. Many of his maps are distinguished by a high degree of sophistication and extensive detail, his work later influencing future generations of navigators and explorers over the course of the next century. His work was also used by Admiral Gaspard de Coligny and French Huguenots to establish themselves in Brazil, Florida and much the Caribbean, however these attempts were abandoned following de Coligny's murder in 1672 and Le Testu's own death the following year. [3] Le Testu was also one of the first to introduce the theory of a large southern continent known as Jave le Grande, located southward of the Moluccas as seen in his earliest work, and is now generally accepted to be the earliest known navigator to discover Australia. This had been long claimed by French scholars, largely based on a 1655 map with his signature and the outline of Jave le Grande. Critics have previously argued that Le Testu may have simply heard of the continent from others and used it in his own work, [4] however earlier maps from 1536 and 1542 have since been discovered in the British Museum and the Department of the Marine confirming these to be based on his earliest voyage to the Spice Islands in 1531. His Cosmographie Universelle (1555) and world atlas (1556) are both in the Bibliotheque Nationale in Paris. [5] [edit] Early lifeGuillaume le Testu was born in Le Havre, Normandy or Grasse, Provencal sometime around 1509. He later studied cartography at the famed school of Dieppe and later left on a series of exploration missions throughout the world. During one of his early voyages from Marseilles, he was one of the earliest to chart what is thought to be the coast of Western Australia in 1530 or 1531. He may have been the first Frenchman to discover the island continent based on separate charts he drew in 1536 [6] and 1542; the latter being discovered in the British Museum by a R.H. Major in 1877. [7] In these charts, Guillaume depicted the inhabitants and wildlife by drawings of unicorns and other legendary beasts. [8] Curiously, the swan-like creatures and flightless birds also appearing on the continent have been compared to the black swan and the cassowary found in Australia and parts of the East Indies. [9] He was known to often use such imagery in his work showing the African continent populated with snakes 700 feet long, as well as basilisks, satyrs and other creatures such as the "Blemmyae", men with no heads, and the "Cynocephalics", or dog-heads. [10] [edit] Explorer and privateerIn 1550, he was commissioned by King Henri II to create a map of the Americas, particularly where the French were trading. In June 1551, he sailed to Brazil on both an exploration and reconnaissance mission from Henri II charting as far as the Rio de la Plata. His ship, the Salamandre, reached as far south as 26 latitude a fair distance past present-day Rio de Janeiro. In late-December, he became involved in a fight with two Portuguese ships near Trinidad and sustained heavy damage to his ship although he was successful in mapping out much of the South American coastline by the time of his return to Dieppe in July 1552. [11] He was later involved in the founding of a Dutch colony near Rio de Janeiro in 1555 and, the following year, was appointed a royal pilot upon presenting to Henry II an atlas of the world containing 56 maps he had personally drawn by hand on his previous expeditions. [12] This atlas was dedicated to his mentor and patron Admiral Gaspard de Coligny, who had become leader of the Huguenots only three years earlier. This manuscript was pieced together using a collection of charts from French, Spanish and Portuguese sources supplied by Coligny. Included in this atlas was a southern continent which, at the time, had yet to be discovered. He explained his theory commenting, {{cquote|However, what I have marked and depicted is only by imagination, and I have not noted or remarked on any of the commodities or incommodities of the place, nor its mountains, rivers or other things; for there has never yet been any man who has made a certain discovery of it. [13]}} The next several years saw the outbreak of civil war between the Huguenots and Calvinists and, in 1567, Le Testu sided with the Protestant Huguenots conducting privateering raids for two years before his capture by the Catholic Calvinists. He would remain imprisoned for over four years until he was released by order of King Charles IX due to public interest on his behalf. [edit] Raid on Nombre de Dios and deathOn March 23, 1673, Le Testu unexpectedly encountered Sir Frances Drake near Cabo de Cativas in Panama. He was in command of the 80-ton warship Havre (or the New Haven) with a crew 70 men and, although it is unknown what le Testu's mission in the area was, he may have been their under Italian sponsorship. [14] He reportedly presented to Drake a scimitar, formerly belonging to the Condottiere Piero Strozzi, as a gift on behalf of Coligny. [15] It was during this meeting, having brought news of the Massacre of St. Bartholomew, that he offered to join Drake in a final raid against a Spanish mule train en route to Nombre de Dios before leaving the area. He and Drake sailed their combined fleet to the Rio Francisco, Le Testu and Drake landed with their men just east of Nombre de Dios. Le Testu had 20 men under his command while Drake himself led 15 men and a number of his Cimarron allies. As their ships sailed off, with orders to return for them in four days, the party headed inland to a spot two leagues south of the city, arriving on April 29, where they awaited the Spanish mule train. It was soon after their arrival that the party heard bells in the distance signaling the arrival of the caravan. Cimarrons scouts also warned of their approach reporting the size of the caravan consisting of almost 200 mules each carrying up to three hundred pounds of treasure. Drake had chosen the spot for the ambush, believing the Spaniards to be at their most vulnerable as they were nearing their destination after traveling through miles of jungle, to take the mule train off guard in a surprise attack. They drove off the Spanish guards, although at a cost of several of Cimarron and Frenchmen. [16] The attack was a complete success with nearly 30 tons of gold and silver being discovered by Drake and Le Testu. Between 80,000-100,000 pesos in gold were taken the privateers and, in fact, there was so much treasure that the privateers were unable carry all the silver off and buried what remained. Le Testu's share came to £20,000. He was seriously wounded during the first assault however, choosing to rest until he was able to travel, and was left on the road with two of his men staying behind with him. As the rest of the party continued to meet the scheduled rendezvous with their fleet, they discovered a Spanish fleet waiting for them instead. Drake was forced to construct a raft and sail out to an island roughly three leagues offshore where he contacted his own ships from there. Safely aboard with his crew once more, he sent a rescue party back for La Testu. When his men finally came back, they reported that Le Testu and his men had been caught by Spanish soldiers and executed. One of the men had been tortured to recover most of the buried silver before he to was killed. The French privateer was beheaded [17] and his head taken back to Nombre de Dios where it was later displayed in the marketplace. Drake's men had managed to find some silver which had been missed which they brought back to split between the English and French crews before sailing back for Europe. [18] The surviving Frenchmen later complained the English had taken the majority of the proceeds, however. [3] [edit] References
{{Reflist}} [edit] Further reading
[edit] External links
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[edit] removed
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[edit] Pearse Flynn
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[edit] Bruce Blausen
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[edit] The Apricot Project
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[edit] MD Sorwell
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Infobox
]]}} MD Sorwell (b. Michael David Sorwell March 23, 1944) is an American visual artist, photographer, author and musician. He is associated with the beginnings of conceptual art and relational aesthetics. His refusal to show in commercial galleries and document any of his works has given his life and practice a sense of mystery. [edit] Life and Art PracticeSorwell grew up in Las Vegas, Nevada studying photography and painting. In his early twenties he moved to Los Angeles where he began to reject and painting and would embrace a conceptual oriented practice with photography, similar to other artists in the area. In the late seventies he stopped using photography altogether, and began doing performances which he would strictly not allow to be documented or put into books. His art, as he is quoted as saying, "Is strictly about the immediate moment, it must not exist after the fact in anyway whatsoever."[31] Sorwell's work were called the "creation of moments" in which everyone was an equal participant, and there was no boundary between artist and audience. In one performance in 1974 at the Nova Scotia School of Art and Design Sorwell and the audience ate ice cream at the opening. For the duration of the exhibition free ice cream was available for any visitors of the gallery, with the only rule that the ice cream must be eaten in the gallery. In another show in Los Angeles in 1975, Sorwell personally led walks from the gallery to the beach to watch the sunset. The term Relational Aesthetics has recently become a popular way to describe Sorwell's works. Because of Sorwell's refusal to document his works, or to have to put into books, much of his work is only accessible through reviews and personal accounts. "Outside of the moment, my work will only exist in the memory of those who experienced it," he is noted to having said.[32] [edit] New York IncidentIn 1982 Sorwell was asked to do a show in Central Park in Manhattan, New York. He accepted the offer by the non-profit space. This was his first big performance in a public space. The piece, called "500 people clapping," was to consist of 500 people gathered in closely together clapping. The clapping was to occur for 20 minutes. Sorwell adamantly stated that no one may take photographs. Appealing to his request, the gallery made sure that no one had brought cameras. However, since it was in a public space, tourists and passerbyers with cameras began to photograph the event. Apparently, Sorwell, in an angry fit, no more than 3 minutes into the clapping, ran around the crowd and tried to people to stop clapping. Because there were so many people, his efforts were futile. According to several witnesses, he then ran out of the crowd and physically struck some of the people who were photographing the event. Sorwell was then arrested by the NYPD and released later that evening.[33] Because of his connection with the art-world, he made sure that none of the major publications mentioned the event. However, it did find it's way into local New York newspapers such as the NY Times and the Village Voice. [edit] DisappearanceAfter the New York Incident Sorwell refused to make any more public art-works. In an oen-letter to the Whitney Museum of American Art, he wrote, "I will continue to live my life in my own moments, alone, as my own art-work only experienced by my own self."[34] It was rumored that he moved back to his hometown of Las Vegas, Nevada.
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[edit] Hilary Tindall
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[edit] HCIS (Health Care Information Systems)
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[edit] Seathwaite, Duddon Valley
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[edit] Moria McCall Anderson
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[edit] Lies unKnown
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