Wikipedia:Articles for creation/2007-10-21

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Michele Mariana is an american actress and singer, best known for her voice overs on Sesame Street animated inserts, notably as the recurring characters Cecille The Ball and Gloria The Globe. She is also known for her voice overs on Where's Waldo and Rugrats

[edit] Career

Based out of Portland, Oregon, Mariana has been a frequent collaborator with clay animation producer Will Vinton. Mariana's first voice role was as the title character in Vinton's 1979 featurette The Little Prince, and she stayed with him on the short film Dinosaurs (as over 20 characters), feature-length The Adventures of Mark Twain (as Becky Thatcher and others), the specials A Claymation Comedy of Horrors and A Claymation Easter Special (as Wilshire Pig), and the cel-animated Saturday morning version of The California Raisins (as Mama Raisin). Other voice credits include guest roles on Rugrats, Reading Rainbow, and Where's Waldo. She supplied several off-stage voices for the stage debut of the play Talk Radio, and did the same for the 1988 Oliver Stone film. On-camera credits include bits in the movies Shadow Play and Zero Effect. She is a frequent narrator for classical music concerts in the Oregon region.

[edit] Extental Links

Michelle Mariana

IMDB
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{{[[Template:Infobox Wrestler

Redirect to Pentadecimal

[edit] Sources

Alternate name

58.165.108.85 03:19, 21 October 2007 (UTC) Articles for creation/2007-10-21

Redirect created. Thank you for your contribution to Wikipedia! Also redirected Base-15, as that is actually the correct punctuation. Ariel♥Gold 03:31, 21 October 2007 (UTC)

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Mkat18 03:19, 21 October 2007 (UTC) Articles for creation/2007-10-21

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Wayne Tigges- Mr. Tigges is quickly establishing himself as one of the finest American baritones of his generation. He has performed in such opera companies as the Metropolitan Opera, Lyric Opera of Chicago, Los Angeles Opera, San Diego Opera, Cincinnati Opera, Opera Pacific, and the Opera del Liceu(Barcelona). He has recently joined the roster for San Francisco Opera as well. His symphony engagements have included the Chicago Symphony Orchestra, the Los Angeles Philharmonic, the Cleveland Orchestra, and the Cincinnati Symphony Orchestra.

[edit] Sources

www.lyricopera.org www.guybarzilayartists.com

216.80.125.194 03:54, 21 October 2007 (UTC) Articles for creation/2007-10-21

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Spinning Jenny

The spinning jenny is a multi-spool spinning wheel. It was invented circa 1764 by James Hargreaves in Stanhill, near Blackburn, Lancashire in the north west of England (although Thomas Highs is another candidate identified as the inventor). The device dramatically reduced the amount of work needed to produce yarn, with a single worker able to work eight or more spools at once. It is also known as the spinning ginny. Contents 1 Components 2 History 3 Success

Components

The basic idea was developed as a machine with eight wooden spindles at one end, spun from a larger than normal wheel at the other. A set of eight rovings were attached to a beam that could roll from the spindle end to the wheel end on a horizontal frame, and the operator could roll it back and forth over the yarn to draw it out to the proper thickness. A clamp-like device in the roving beam allowed the operator to then release all the threads at once, to be collected on spools.

The flying shuttle had increased yarn demand by the weavers by doubling their productivity, and now the spinning jenny could supply that demand by increasing the spinners' productivity even more. The machines were often operated by children, who could more easily move about them. The machine produced coarse yarn that lacked strength, but it was still suitable for filling out the weft of fabric, using stronger yarn for the warp. Later developments improved the quality of the yarn, and increased the number of spindles to eighty or more.

History

James Hargreaves was born in Oswaldtwistle, near Blackburn, in 1720. He received no formal education and was never taught how to read or write. He moved to Stanhill looking for work and raised a family there, working as a spinner and carpenter. James Hargreaves also had 13 children. Two of them sadly passed away.

Blackburn was known for the production of Blackburn greys, a type of fabric that combined linen warp and cotton weft. At the time cotton production could not keep up with demand, and Hargreaves spent some time considering how to improve the process. The most common story told about the invention of the device is that his daughter, Jenny, knocked over one of their own spinning wheels. The device kept working as normal, with the spindle now pointed upright. Hargreaves realized there was no particular reason the spindles had to be horizontal, as they always had been, and he could place them vertically in a row.

The name is variously said to derive from the tale above (although Hargreaves did not have a daughter called Jenny); from the daughter of Thomas Highs (another craftsman, who is the possible true inventor of the spinning jenny); or from a corruption of engine (see also cotton gin).

Success

Hargreaves kept the machine secret for some time, but produced a number for his own growing industry. The price of yarn fell, angering the large spinning community in Blackburn. Eventually they broke into his house and smashed his machines, forcing him to flee to Nottingham in 1767. There he set up shop producing jennies in secret for one Mr. Shipley, with the assistance of a joiner named James.

Eventually Hargreaves applied for a patent on the jenny in July 1770. By this time a number of spinners in Lancashire were already using copies of the machine, and Hargreaves sent notice that he was taking legal action against them. The manufacturers met, and offered Hargreaves £3000. He at first demanded £7000, and at last stood out for £4000, but the case eventually fell apart when it was learned he had already sold several in the past.

The partnership with Shipley carried on "with moderate success" until Hargreaves' death on 22 April 1778. That year Samuel Crompton invented the spinning mule, combining the spinning jenny with Richard Arkwright's spinning frame and again dramatically increasing yarn production.

[edit] Sources

http://www.google.co.in/

59.94.246.208 04:38, 21 October 2007 (UTC) Articles for creation/2007-10-21

Declined. This article already exists in Wikipedia. You can find it at Spinning_jenny., which is where this text was copied and pasted from. Ariel♥Gold 07:38, 21 October 2007 (UTC)

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Nick Pirozzi is the school mascot for SWR High School. he is the shitttt girls go crazy for him uber greatBold text
Declined. This suggestion doesn't sufficiently explain the importance or significance of the subject. See the speedy deletion criteria (A7) and/or guidelines on notability. Please provide more information on why the subject is worthy of inclusion in an encyclopedia. Thank you. --Hdt83 ^Chat 06:01, 21 October 2007 (UTC)

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Mars Callahan is an American actor, director, and screenwriter. He was born in Studio City, California in 1972.

Removed copyvio. Precious Roy

[edit] Sources

• {{imdb name}} — IMDb is not a reliable source. Precious Roy
• http://www.bigskymotionpictures.com/website/whoweare/marscallahan.html — not a third-party source (he's the CEO). I also notice that the entire article above is a reprint of that page, so this article is a copyright violation as well. Precious Roy

75.80.74.28 04:46, 21 October 2007 (UTC) Articles for creation/2007-10-21

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John the Magician is North Amarica's golden Child in slight-of-hand and close up magic. John was born in Detroit Michigan in 1982. He began proforming magic at the age of five years old, and his original name is John Kohl.
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220.238.6.188 06:08, 21 October 2007 (UTC) [[Category:Articles for creation templates|{{Avantes}}]]

The avantes was an ancient Greek tribe wich inhabited the Greek island of Evia. After Menelaos' request, they fought alongside the Greeks in the Trojan War and they won in all battles they participated in, until their fall when the Persians invaded Evia island.
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This request for creation has been declined. Please do not modify it.
This request for creation has been reviewed. The reviewer comments appear below the article text. If you want to make changes and try again, copy and paste your article into a new submission and make your changes there. Spencer Tucker: Born in the Highlands of Scotland in the village of Glenfinnan on the shores of Loch Shiel over 400 years ago. A Webed Toe freak He was awarded the bronze medal in the 1936 Olympics for his Speed Swimming and to earn the love of his bastard father the Furer Adolf Hitler. After his sucess in the Natzi party he traveled to America and became a well known serial killer know only as Slippy Fist. Slippy Fist later was active in the Boy Scouts of America where he achieved its second highest rank, Life Scout. According to a press inquiry, Slippy Fist stated that he scored 1590 on his SATs. [edit] Sources 24.10.22.65 06:13, 21 October 2007 (UTC) Articles for creation/2007-10-21 Declined. We cannot accept blank suggestions. Please consider submitting to Wikipedia:Requested articles instead. --Hdt83 Chat 06:26, 21 October 2007 (UTC)
This is an archived discussion. Please do not modify it.

Declined. Your article appears to be a joke. It might be a wonderful entry in Uncyclopedia, a wiki where jokes and parodies are highly encouraged. However, Wikipedia requires a stodgier, more factual tone in its articles, and your comedic efforts cannot be rewarded here. --Hdt83 ^Chat 06:26, 21 October 2007 (UTC)

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Jehst- Underworld epics This is a collaboration album released and primarily by Uk hip hop artist Jehst in 2006. It was released through Lowlife Records.

Track list- 1. 'Dunya (my world)'- micall parknsun (produced by jehst) 2. 'Soldier 4 life (remix)'- Universal soldiers (remix produced by jehst) 3. 'Tempa tempa'- Verb T (produced by jehst) 4. 'Money in the bank (remix)'- Asavious feat. Kyza and Yungun (remix produced by jehst) 5. 'Say word!'- Kashmere (produced by jehst) 6. 'If you were me'- Asaviour (Produced by jehst) 7. 'The future (remix)'- Rodney P (remix produced by jehst) 8. 'Grizzly (remix)'- The sundragon (remix produced by jehst) 9. 'Listen'- Sir smirf lil' (produced by jehst) 10.'Watching (remix)'- the Sundragon feat. Klashnekoff and Kyza (remix produced by jehst) 11.'Right now'- Kyza (produced by jehst)

[edit] Sources

http://www.amazon.co.uk/Underworld-Epics-Jehst/dp/B000ATJZL6 original copy of album- Jehst- underworld epics

124.186.88.172 06:42, 21 October 2007 (UTC) Articles for creation/2007-10-21

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HealthCare Volunteer is a 501 (c) (3) non-profit organization founded by Neilesh Patel and Elliot Mendelsohn, a dental student and medical student, respectively, in 2005. The organization connects health-related volunteers to volunteering opportunities around the world. It is the world's largest listing of online health related volunteering opportunities. It has the first social networking site run by a non-profit organization that is solely for health volunteers.

[edit] Sources

http://www.earthtimes.org/articles/show/news_press_release,176154.shtml http://www.iyfnet.org/document.cfm/30/900 http://www.healthcarevolunteer.com/aboutus.php

Acadiana (Louisiana) http://www.klfy.com/Global/story.asp?S=7061804&nav=7k7g

KNRV Reno-Tahoe http://www.krnv.com/Global/story.asp?S=7061804&nav=menu113_5

Tucson, Arizona http://www.kvoa.com/Global/story.asp?S=7061775&nav=menu216_5

76.173.197.21 07:33, 21 October 2007 (UTC) Articles for creation/2007-10-21

Declined. This suggestion doesn't sufficiently explain the importance or significance of the subject. See the speedy deletion criteria A7 and/or guidelines on organizations and companies. Please provide more information on why the organization is worthy of inclusion in an encyclopedia. Thank you. MasterXC 16:12, 22 October 2007 (UTC)

{{[[Template:Infobox Wrestler

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[edit] Sources

202.150.110.118 08:19, 21 October 2007 (UTC) Articles for creation/2007-10-21

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Common Cause is a Platformist Anarchist Communist Organisation founded in Ontario, Canada. It is a class struggle Anarchist organisation focusing on the possibility of social revolution by the organisation of the working class majority. The primary aim is to create a broad movement of working class support for anarchist ideas in Ontario.

[edit] Sources

• Founding of Common Cause. anarkismo.net

87.192.57.40 08:23, 21 October 2007 (UTC) Articles for creation/2007-10-21

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Dane is an American singer/songwriter and frontman of Dane Varese Band.

Dane released his first studio album, "No Regrets" in 2006 to commerical success both in the United States and overseas.

In 2006, Dane's song "Stuck" was featured in the independent comedy The Next Level

Currently Dane is performing across the U.S.

[edit] Sources

http://media.www.asuherald.com/media/storage/paper898/news/2007/09/20/Entertainment/Dane-Varese.Bands.Music.For.Everyone-2982002.shtml http://video.aol.com/video-detail/imc-and-the-dane-varese-band-wwwimctv/665349862 http://www.garageband.com/song?%7Cpe1%7CS8LTM0LdsaSkaFa-amA http://top40-charts.com/news.php?nid=33493&string=Dane http://boards.eonline.com/Insider/Boards/thread.jspa?messageID=1071695 http://www.goteenforums.com/forums/peer-eopapy-support-a.html 68.185.167.228 08:39, 21 October 2007 (UTC) Articles for creation/2007-10-21

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1. REDIRECT BlueSoleil

[edit] Sources

As you usually use seperate words for searching this (i.e. "Blue Soleil"), this should be a redirect to the real thing. - Markus Moll

84.186.206.115 09:20, 21 October 2007 (UTC) Articles for creation/2007-10-21

Redirect created. Thank you for your contribution to Wikipedia! Ariel♥Gold 09:49, 21 October 2007 (UTC)

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Martin Tabyanian isa well known comedian, born and raised down in a small town (poco) 1990. as cool as he seems he is too funny for your punk ass!

[edit] Sources

70.68.49.78 09:51, 21 October 2007 (UTC) Articles for creation/2007-10-21

Declined. This suggestion doesn't sufficiently explain the importance or significance of the subject. See the speedy deletion criteria A7 and/or guidelines on biographies. Please provide more information on why the person or group is worthy of inclusion in an encyclopedia, and cite reliable, published third-party sources, so that the information in the article is verifiable. Thank you. Ariel♥Gold 10:00, 21 October 2007 (UTC)

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6 Lads from the peth area!

90.196.158.167 11:01, 21 October 2007 (UTC) Articles for creation/2007-10-21

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1. REDIRECTMetadata Object Description Standard

Redirect created. Thank you for your contribution to Wikipedia! Ariel♥Gold 12:11, 21 October 2007 (UTC)

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Music Is My Boyfriend is the rumored second single off Skye Sweetnam's second studio album Sound Soldier. A DIY music video was filmed for the song and was released on October 20, 2007 on Youtube.

[edit] Sources

[1] [2]

71.206.146.58 15:41, 21 October 2007 (UTC) Articles for creation/2007-10-21

Declined. The proposed article is not suitable for Wikipedia. An article about a rumored single does not belong here. Once there is verifiable information about the single release from reliable sources (myspace does not count), resubmit your article. Precious Roy 19:44, 21 October 2007 (UTC)

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Kev Samples, is an American R&B singer.

Discography

The Rush

1. Rush, The 2. Way She's Built, The 3. Naughty - (featuring Petey Pablo) 4. Put It On Me 5. I Wanna See You 6. Stop Playin Games 7. Screamin For More 8. Up To Me - (featuring Lupe Fiasco) 9. We Are One 10. Actin Up 11. I Was Wrong 12. Street Story, A
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Falcon Manor was military housing located in Niagara Falls, NY. It is now known as Wildwood Acres,

[edit] Sources

129.44.248.221 16:25, 21 October 2007 (UTC) Articles for creation/2007-10-21

[edit] Sources

24.63.214.89 16:28, 21 October 2007 (UTC) Articles for creation/2007-10-21

16:28, 21 October 2007 (UTC)24.63.214.89
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Ryan Hui 許懷欣, Ryan Hui wai yun is the elder son of Sam hui (the god of canto-pop). He was born in Hong kong. Having first performed in the Hong Kong Coliseum in 1987 (at the age of eleven), he continues to write musical pieces and perform all over the world. Nowadays, he is a singer/song writer and had released several records.

[edit] info

1. name = Ryan Hui
2. name in chinese = 許懷欣
3. Birthday = 1976, 3 Sep
4. Genre = Rock
5. instrument = guitar

[edit] Album

1. 2000 <<One Foot Forward>>
2. 2000 <<Logos VS. One Foot Forward>>
3. 2006 <<RYAN EP>>

[edit] links

• official site
• fans site

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[edit] Biography

Lynne Scott Safrit is the president of Castle & Cooke, Charlotte Region, and project development manager for the North Carolina Research Campus. Safrit is the wife of Walter Safrit II (Attorney), mother of 2, Elizabeth and Wil, and friend to many with the smarts and stamina that qualify her to be capable of any task. Safrit has been a faithful employee of David H. Murdock (billionaire sponsoring the project) for 23 years. Both her mother, Mary Scott, and father, Norman Scott, worked for the mills, as she did for much of her young life. Safrit attended both Catawba College (undergraduate) and the University of North Carolina at Charlotte (graduate) and majored in English and Psychology.

“This area where our families lived and worked was at one time a happy, unified community. So of course, this is much more than a job to me.”

[edit] Sources

http://www.greatercharlottebiz.com/article.asp?id=552
http://www.zoominfo.com/people/level2page34884.aspx
http://thinkexist.com/quotes/lynne_scott_safrit/

24.199.139.131 18:43, 21 October 2007 (UTC) Articles for creation/2007-10-21

Declined. This suggestion doesn't sufficiently explain the importance or significance of the subject. See the speedy deletion criteria A7 and/or guidelines on biographies. Please provide more information on why the person or group is worthy of inclusion in an encyclopedia, and cite reliable, published third-party sources, so that the information in the article is verifiable. Thank you. Precious Roy 19:36, 21 October 2007 (UTC)

Mar'i Pasha Al Mallah (1856-1930)(Arabic: مرعي باشا الملاح): Syrian political leader and Statesman. Born in Aleppo (1856). Graduated from the Lycee Imperial de Galataseray, Constantinople, 1876.

Al Mallah held several appointments in Aleppo under the Ottoman (Turks), including:

• President of the Mixed Commercial Court (1885-1897);
• Mayor of Aleppo (1899-1900);
• District Attorney(1905-1906);
• Cahirman of the Agro-Bank (1906-1907);
• Director of Endowments (1909-1911).

And he was Privy to Sultan Abdulhamid II .

Represented Aleppo in the Ottoman Parliament of 1908, and served as the last Ottoman Interim Governor of the Province of Aleppo.

Following the Ottoman collapse, Al Mallah contributed to the foundation of the first modern Arab state in Syria under King Faysal I, and was elected Deputy Speaker of the Syrian Congress (1919-1920).

Finally, he was named Governor General of the State of Aleppo (1924-1926) under the French Mandate.

Al Mallah acquired the rank of Beylerbey, which corresponds to the rank of "Lieutenant General," from Sultan Abdulhamid IIand was awarded several Ottoman , French and Syrian decorations

Al Mallah was a man of liberal views, open to western ideas and thought, proficient in Turkish, Persian, Arminian and French. He particularly loved photography, and used to keep massive albums featuring Ottoman and European royalty, politicians, writers and musicians. He was also noted for his collection of rare and antiquarian books and manuscripts, which he made available to scholars and researchers by dedicating them to the "Islamic Endowments Library of Aleppo," and the "Library of the Arab Academy" in Damascus.

Al Mallah was described by a fellow historian Sheikh Kamil Al Ghazzi as "the leading notable of Aleppo." Moreover, his biography appeared in a number of books, and was also cited in a dozens of historical works on Aleppo and modern Syria written by noted Arab and western scholars. His name also appeared in the memoirs of Syrian politicians as well as the accounts of Arab and western travelers, including the late Crown Prince Mohammed Ali Tawfic of Egypt, who visited Syria before the outbreak of World War I, and the memoirs of Lady Gertrude Bell.

[edit] Sources

• www.gerty.ncl.ac.uk
• Malcolm B. Russel, The First Modern Arab State: Syria under Faysal, 1918-1920, Bibliotheca Islamica, Minneapolis, 1985, p. 148.
• Eliezer Tauber, The Formation of Modern Syria and Iraq, Frank Cass, 1995, pp. 226-228.
• Prator, Sabine, Der Arabische Factor in der jungturkischen Politik, Eine Studie zum osmanischen Parlament der II. Konstitution (1908-1919), Berlin, Klaus Schwarz Verlag, p. 238.

Category:1856 births Category:1930 deaths Category:History of Syria Category:Syrian politicians88.86.31.3 19:00, 21 October 2007 (UTC) Articles for creation/2007-10-21

Article created. Thank you for your contribution to Wikipedia!

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The werewolf of Allariz is a legend based on facts that surrounded the real-life story of Manuel Blanco Romasanta who is reputed to have killed over thirteen people in the late 1800's in a province in Spain,and using their body fat to make soap. He is said to have been a travelling vendor,very intelligent,charming, and attractive who rolled around in an old covered wagon, and allegedly had a woman in every village faithfully awaiting him.The authorities in the village of Allariz finally begin to conduct forensic autopsies of the victims and soon realize that most of the body fat content has been cleverly removed with great care.He committed a murder, and one of four sisters was the one who ultimately was the lead witness due to some convincing evidence. Romasanta was finally caught in 1852 and tried for the murders, and avoided capital punishment by proclaiming he was a werewolf. After this history has no notable record of his ultimate fate. The 2004 movie: Werewolf Hunter: The Legend Of Romasanta details the life and trial of this mass murderer.
Declined. We cannot accept unsourced suggestions or sources that are not reliable per the verifiability policy. Please provide reputable, third-party sources with your suggestions. Third party sources are needed both to establish the verifiability of the submission as well as its notability. Ariel♥Gold 20:55, 21 October 2007 (UTC)

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The werewolf of Allariz is a legend based on facts that surrounded the real-life story of Manuel Blanco Romasanta who is reputed to have killed over thirteen people in the late 1800's in a province in Spain,and using their body fat to make soap. He is said to have been a travelling vendor,very intelligent,charming, and attractive who rolled around in an old covered wagon, and allegedly had a woman in every village faithfully awaiting him.The authorities in the village of Allariz finally begin to conduct forensic autopsies of the victims and soon realize that most of the body fat content has been cleverly removed with great care.He committed a murder, and one of four sisters was the one who ultimately was the lead witness due to some convincing evidence. Romasanta was finally caught in 1852 and tried for the murders, and avoided capital punishment by proclaiming he was a werewolf. After this history has no notable record of his ultimate fate. The 2004 movie: Werewolf Hunter: The Legend Of Romasanta details the life and trial of this mass murderer.

This information was gathered thanks to the director of the 2004 Horror movie: Werewolf Hunter: the Legend Of Romasanta Company: Filmax International Director: Paco Plaza
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Although the United States has only 2% of the oil reserves in the world, it has 27% of the coal reserves. In fact, the US is frequently referred to as the Saudi Arabia of coal. For transportation fuels, the US is based almost entirely on crude oil. This reliance on crude oil, and particularly imported crude oil has caused significant problems for the US. Not only does it affect us economically in our balance of trade but even more significantly, we have had significant issues in our foreign policy from countries who exploit their oil power to force us into difficult situations.

If we examine world coal reserves (Figure 1), we get an idea of the vast amount of coal reserves the United States has relative to the rest of the world. The US has 27% of world reserves.

Figure 1. World Coal Reserves

Although coal is not the single answer to broadening the US energy portfolio, it is certainly abundant enough to make a significant impact. Concentrating on the top three coal reserve states we have the following estimated recoverable reserves.

Table 1. Demonstrated and Recoverable Reserves-Top Three States Million Short Tons State Reserves at Active Mines Estimated Recoverable Reserves Demonstrated Reserve Base Montana 1,140 74,989 119,280 Illinois 796 38,019 104,529 Wyoming 7,053 41,804 64,325

Using coal gasification followed by Fischer-Tropsch synthesis, the overall liquid, after taking into account process heat and electric power generation, is about 2 barrels of liquids per ton of coal. Therefore the combined total coal-derived liquids of the above three states, when based on the more conservative Estimated Recoverable Reserves is 309,600 million barrels of oil. If total imported oil is 7.3 million barrels per day, then these three states could supply all of the US imported oil for around 70 years. If we relied on coal for all of the US oil consumption of 20 million barrels per day, then we have enough coal in these three states alone to run the US for 41 years. Obviously we are not suggesting that coal be the primary source of liquid fuels for the US, but these calculations certainly demonstrate how vast our coal reserves are and that they are positioned to make a significant impact.

The National Coal Council is pushing for government incentives to help generate some 2.6 million barrels of liquid fuel a day from coal by 2025. This would satisfy about 10% of America’s total demand and reduce imported oil by 25%. The coal reserves and the technology are available to meet this goal. Only the economics remains in question

Coal gasification followed by Fischer- Tropsch synthesis is proven commercial technology as South Africa is making about 160 thousand barrels per day of liquid product from their coal reserves, by Sasol, Ltd, a partly state-owned company that has several plants in operation. They are currently offering their technology to license. While Sasol would charge a licensing fee, they are more interested in an equity position, as much as 50%, in their licensed projects. China is currently building a coal to liquids facility to produce around 200 thousand barrels per day with their own technology but also wants to use Sasol technology for an additional 80 thousand barrels per day.

The Need for a Strategy

In 2003, the United States consumed 20 million barrels per day of crude oil with about 55% imported from foreign countries. The greatest suppliers of oil and oil products are Canada, Saudi Arabia, Mexico, Venezuela, and Nigeria, in that order. Several of these areas have seen instabilities in recent years. Instability anywhere in the oil patch drives up the price of crude from all sources. These recent instabilities have underlined the need for the US to be significantly less dependent on foreign crude. A summary is given below in the Figure 2 on how U.S. crude oil consumption and production have trended over the last ten years.

Figure 2. US Crude Oil Consumption and Production over Last Ten Years

One of the continuing trends that we observe is that US crude consumption continues to increase while domestic production decreases.

Current Initiatives

Currently the Department of Energy (DOE) is focusing its alternative transportation fuel efforts mainly on hydrogen and biomass, as measured by the amount of funding that is allocated in these areas.

All hydrogen generated today is produced from a hydrocarbon source, generally natural gas. It could be made electrolytically and if hydroelectric or nuclear power were used, it could be classified a “green” fuel. However, baring the development of surplus cheap nuclear power, we see no economically viable source of hydrogen in the near future. In addition, the infrastructure to distribute hydrogen to fueling locations does not exist. Onboard vehicle storage capabilities will limit the range of any vehicle powered by hydrogen and some attempts to concentrate it via metal hydrides have met with limited success. Hydrogen as a transportation fuel faces many challenges before it can significantly contribute to reducing our dependence on foreign oil.

The most significant biomass fuel in the marketplace today is ethanol produced from corn. The current US production is 4 billion gallons per year. The debate over whether a gallon of ethanol requires more energy to produce than it contains has continued over the last 2 decades. Dr. John Deutch, former director of energy research and undersecretary of Energy in the Carter Administration and director of the CIA, and currently a chemistry professor at MIT recently commented on the “Biomass Movement” in the Wall Street Journal.

“..cultivation of corn is highly energy-intensive and a significant amount of oil and natural gas is used in growing, fertilizing, and harvesting it. Moreover, there is a substantial energy requirement -much of it supplied by diesel or natural gas for the fermentation and distillation process that converts corn to ethanol. These petroleum inputs must be subtracted when calculating the net amount of oil that is reduced by the use of ethanol in gasoline. .. It is clear that takes two-thirds of a gallon of oil to make a gallon equivalent of ethanol from corn. Thus one gallon of ethanol used in gasohol displaces perhaps one-third of a gallon of oil or less “

Other estimates range from ethanol containing plus or minus 25% of the energy required for manufacture. But the energy issue is largely academic, as the economics of ethanol production depend on a government subsidy to make it a viable fuel. The current subsidy is $0.51 per gallon. An article by Jonathan Fahey in Forbes points out that the real cost of ethanol in today’s dollars is around $4.50 per gallon.

The other source of biomass is cellulosic material, such as the much touted switch grass and agricultural by-products like corn stover and straw. However, cellulose must first be converted into sugar and then into ethanol with advanced enzyme technology. Genencor and Novozymes3 have made some headway but this technology is still in the research and development stage.

Another important issue we face today is that of greenhouse emissions, notably CO2. Coal has historically been used to generate electric power in the United States and currently represents over half of all electric power generation. As stated in C&E News, .. the US, like the rest of the world has a coal problem: There is a lot of it and it is cheap, but it is dirty... Coal-fired power plants are responsible for 60% of US sulfur dioxide emissions, 33% of US mercury emissions, 25% of nitrogen oxide emissions, and more than 33% of the nation’s carbon dioxide emissions ” However, it doesn’t have to be that way as Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC), shown in Figure 3 for electric power generation makes coal a very clean fuel with the side benefit of increasing the thermal efficiency from around 33% for conventional coal firing to greater than 40% for Figure 3 Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle for Electric Power Generation IGCC. DOE is taking the lead in commercializing IGCC in its Future Gen Project slated for southern Illinois.

In a typical IGCC plant, coal is first gasified to synthesis gas, hydrogen and carbon monoxide. The synthesis gas is scrubbed to remove acid gases and mercury. The synthesis gas is then burned in two sets of turbine drivers, first a combustion turbine and then a steam turbine to produce electricity. If the synthesis gas is passed through a water gas shift converter, the CO converts to CO2. The CO2 can also be scrubbed providing a hydrogen rich steam to the turbines. We have named this scenario “ultra green” as there would be very little CO2 emitted from the power plant. CO2 cannot currently be eliminated entirely as some carbon must be left in the feed to the power plant for flame stability.

The increased cost of IGCC over conventional coal firing is 20-25%. However, when you include the benefits of less air pollution and the ability to conveniently capture carbon dioxide emissions, the price difference is not so obvious. Furthermore, if the federal government enacts CO2 emission controls, they could make conventional coal fired technology no longer the economic choice. The primary environmental benefit of IGCC is increased energy efficiency and the potential for significantly reduced air pollution. We think IGCC can be used as a springboard for making liquid hydrocarbons from coal by integrating Fischer-Tropsch synthesis with the electric power generation plant.

The run-up in crude prices over the last year to $60-80/barrel has stimulated renewed interest in Fischer-Tropsch synthesis. Furthermore, technological improvements in FT synthesis, such as slurry phase reactors, plus tougher environmental standard are pointing to Fischer-Tropsch as a promising way to help abundant coal increase its contribution to total energy supply.

In addition to removing other pollutants from power generation, IGCC technology also is capable of capturing CO2 which can be sequestered. The DOE has quietly been funding CO2 Sequestration Partnerships around the country. An example is the Blue Sky Sequestration Partnership in Montana. CO2, currently captured from the Great Plains plant in North Dakota, is used in this manner.

Thus, IGCC technology combined with CO2 capture can provide a road to increased domestic crude production provided the regional oil fields are receptive to CO2 flooding and the CO2 is available in sufficient quantities. Regional is defined as a radius of 400 to 500 miles of the plant. CO2 is currently pipelined from southwest Colorado (Cortez) into the Texas panhandle at a distance of approximately 450 miles. Thus, the CO2 situation is considerable different from in the energy crisis of the 70’s and 80’s. In the 70’s and 80’s, CO2 was simply emitted to the atmosphere. Today CO2 can be a viable product (not by-product) in its own right. Tomorrow, it may be classified as a pollutant making its capture mandatory.

The sale of CO2 in combination with power generation and the production of liquid transportation fuels from coal is a primary focus of this paper.

Current Fischer-Tropsch Projects Underway or Being Considered

Worldwide, there are three Fischer-Tropsch (FT) plants based on coal in operation. They are all located in South Africa and called Sasol I, Sasol II, and Sasol III; they are the first three projects listed below and they were originally based more on political rather than economical considerations. The world community refused to export oil to South Africa because of the government’s apartheid policy. Since apartheid ended, Sasol has licensed their FT technology mainly for conversion of natural gas to transportation liquids.

The recent escalation of crude oil prices has stimulated interest in additional coal-based FT projects, notably in the United States and China. Two commercial projects are moving forward in the US. These are: 1. Rentech Midwest Energy is converting an ammonia plant, in Iowa, based on natural gas to make FT liquids from coal and 2. WMPI, Inc in Pennsylvania is converting coal tailings to liquid fuels.

Table 2. World wide Fischer-Tropsch Projects Based on Coal

Project Location Status Gasification Technology Coal Feed FT Synthesis Capacity B/day Sasol I South Africa Operating Lurgi Dry Ash Sub-bitumenous Arge Fixed Bed 5,000 Sasol II South Africa Operating Lurgi Dry Ash Sub-bitumenous Circulating Fluid Bed 37,000 Sasol III South Africa Operating Lurgi Dry Ash Sub-bitumenous Circulating Fluid Bed 40,000 WMPI, Inc with DOE Gilberton, Pennsylvania Development Shell Anthracite Culm(tailings) Sasol Slurry 5000 Rentech Energy-Midwest East Dubuque, Iowa Development GE Il 6 and Western coal Rentech Slurry 1800 DKRW-Wyoming Medicine Bow, WY Proposed GE Sub-bitumenous Rentech Slurry 11,000 Rentech PDU Commerce City, CO Proposed GE Eastern and Western Rentech Slurry 10-15 China Project I Shenhua Corp. Shaanxi Province, China Proposed N/A Sasol Slurry 80,000 China Project II Shenua Ningxi Coal, Ltd Ningxia Hui Autonomous, China Proposed N/A Sasol Slurry 80,000

Economics of Power Generation, Transportation Fuels and CO2 from Coal

Ultimately, it is economics that drives what we decide to do on our energy needs and whether coal conversion technologies can compete economically with crude oil. For this discussion, we will use a case study approach: specifying the commercial process, establishing the material balances, estimating the capital investment and finally the discounted rate of return on investment. We will use only “green” or “ultra green” technology where the carbon dioxide emissions are captured and sequestered. The six cases will demonstrate the impact of key parameters, such as coal type (Eastern versus Western), the co-production of both electricity and liquid transportation fuels, and using carbon dioxide for enhanced oil recovery (EOR) in nearby oil fields. In all of these cases, we will use only commercial proven technologies.

The six cases we consider are:

Based on Montana Rosebud sub-bituminous coal

1. Coal to liquid transportation fuels using Fischer-Tropsch synthesis. 2. Coal to electric power using integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) 3. Coal to both liquid transportation fuels and electric power. 4. Ultra-green technology to essentially eliminate all carbon dioxide emissions from the IGCC plant using hydrogen-rich gas for the combustion turbine.

Based on Illinois Number 6 bituminous coal

5. Case 3 substituting low sulfur Western coal with high sulfur, low moisture Eastern coals feed. 6. Eastern high sulfur low moisture coal with additional shift conversion to run in. "ultra green” mode with hydrogen-rich gas for combustion turbine

These are summarized in the table below with the products, investment, and return on investment. For this analysis, we have set the price of oil at $60/barrel (conservatively equivalent to $1.80/gal for zero sulfur diesel fuel), electricity at $35/Mwatt-hr and CO2 at $1.00/MSCF to establish the cash flow.

Table 3. Case Study Summary

Case Coal In Ton/day Diesel Bbl/day Electricity Mwatt CO2 MMSCF/day Capital Investment $ Million DCF rate of return, % 1 10,773 9019 342 1,300 14% 2 5,963 525 121 785 12% 3 10,733 4428 525 273 1,100 15% 4 10,733 4439 525 387 1,200 16% 5 8000 4439 525 121 1,125 9% 6 8000 4349 525 297 1,161 12% Oil at $60/barrel, zero sulfur diesel at $1.80/gal, electricity at $35/Mwatt-hr, CO2 at $1.00/MSCF 30 yr project life, 20 yr straight line depreciation, 35% income taxes,4 yr construction(10/10/40/40) Case 5-6 uses Illinois coal at $45/ton, Cases 1-4 use Montana coal at $12/ton.

The discounted cash flow (DCF) rate of return on investment is very attractive for cases 1, 3 and 4, all based on using Western subbitumenous coal, Montana Rosebud. Cases 5 and 6, based on bituminous Illinois 6 coal, have a lower return on investment for two primary reasons. First, the Illinois coal is more expensive at $45/ton versus $12/ton for Montana coal. Second, the Illinois coal has less moisture and gasifies more efficiently producing less carbon dioxide. Hence there is less CO2 to sell and this reduces the return on investment in case 5 and 6.

Case 3 using Montana coal is a direct comparison to Case 5 using Illinois coal and the return on investment drops from 15% to 9% while Case 6 is a direct comparison to Case 4 and the return drops from 16% to 12%. Although it is easy to justify the CO2 revenue stream for Montana coal, since there are nearby oil fields that will benefit from enhanced oil recovery , it is less clear whether we could find the same scenario in the state of Illinois. Consequently, the return on Cases 5 and 6 for Illinois 6 coal might be actually be lower if we do not have a market for the CO2 produced and are left with simply sequestering it and injecting it in the ground.

Case 1- Coal to Liquid Transportation Fuels using Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis Commercial Advantages: 1. Uses cheap Western coal. 2. Once-through FT synthesis. 3. Carbon dioxide used for EOR in nearby oil fields. Environmental Advantages: 1. All carbon dioxide is captured. 2. SOx and NOx are eliminated by coal gasification and mercury is captured.

Montana subbitumenous coal is gasified by slurrying in water and then fed with oxygen into an entrained flow gasifier such as the GE gasifier (previously known as the Texaco gasifier). This gasifier is shown in Figure 4. The gas composition leaving the gasifier includes carbon monoxide, hydrogen, carbon dioxide, water, and acid gases (H2S and COS) and small amounts of methane For syngas generation, an entrained flow gasifier, like the GE version or Destec (now called Conoco-Phillips), is preferred because it operates at high temperature and makes very little methane.

Figure 4 Texaco gasifierReferring to the process diagram shown in Figure 5, the water is condensed out, and the acid gases including CO2, COS, and H2S are removed separately with a gas scrubbing system such as Selexol. The hydrogen/carbon monoxide ratio is then adjusted by flowing part of the scrubbed gas through a CO shift converter to get a ratio of about 2.1/1. The syngas is then fed into a Fischer-Tropsch reactor. It is important to note that we use a “once-through” flow through the Fischer-Tropsch reactor, rather than recycling the unconverted syngas and methane due to the high single pass conversion that we achieve (greater than 90%. Once-through operation eliminates separation equipment, compressors and reactors reducing the capital investment. The unconverted syngas and light ends are burned for plant fuel.

Our hydrocarbon yield structure is based on a Fischer-Tropsch fixed bed reactor with a cobalt catalyst. The reaction products include a broad spectrum of hydrocarbons ranging from light gases to middle distillates, and finally waxes, and water according to the following Fischer-Tropsch chemical reaction:

Sasol has developed and is starting up a more advanced slurry phase reactor in Qatar. However, we do not have access to the yield structure from that reactor design. Presumably, it is better than fixed bed yields and thus our liquid yields could be conservative. The bubble column slurry reactor consists of a cylindrical column filled with liquid wax. Synthesis gas is sparged into the bottom of the reactor and the bubbles suspend the fine catalyst particles in the liquid medium, where the reaction takes place. The reaction products include a broad spectrum of products ranging from light gases to middle distillates, and finally waxes, and water.

Water is separated from the hydrocarbon products in a condenser and the hydrocarbons are then distilled in a fractionation column. Light gases leave overhead middle distillates, an excellent diesel fuel with zero sulfur, exit the middle of the fractionator and finally the heavy waxes leave in the bottoms stream, where they are sent to a hydrocracker to reduce high molecular weight hydrocarbons to light and middle distillate.

The carbon dioxide stream is available for sale to oil production facilities. If that is not an option, it can be sequestered for injection in the ground. A recent DOE study by Advanced Resources International6 shows strong potential for CO2 flooding in the Williston Basin of Montana. Lookout Butte and Elk Basin are two such areas being considered.

Figure 5.Coal to Liquid Transportation Fuels

Case 2- Electric Power Generation using Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle Commercial Advantages: 1. IGCC has higher thermal efficiency that direct coal burning. Environmental Advantages: 1. Some carbon dioxide is captured. 2. All SOx and NOx from coal conversion eliminated. Some NOx emitted from the combustion turbine while mercury from coal is captured.

This case is similar to Case 1 but now we make no liquid hydrocarbons and instead direct all of the scrubbed syngas to a power generation cycle. The coal input is reduced in half since we only want to make 525 Mwatt of power as this is a typical size electric power generating facility for IGCC. Since the hydrogen/carbon monoxide ratio is now longer important, we can eliminate the CO shift converter from the process scheme (Figure 6). More specifically, the unshifted syngas is fed into a combustion turbine which drives one set of electric generators. The hot combustion gas leaving the combustion turbine is then directed into a waste heat boiler to generate superheated steam. This steam is fed into a second set of steam turbines to generate more electricity. This coupling of the gas and steam turbines results in a higher thermal efficiency compared to conventional coal firing. More specifically, the thermal efficiency of IGCC is greater than 40% whereas direct coal firing is around 33%.

Figure 6 Coal to Electricity by Integrated Coal Gasification Combined Cycle

Case 3- Coal Conversion to Both Liquid Transportation Fuels and Electric Power 1. Unconverted syngas can be burned in the combustion turbine. 2. Ability to make both liquid fuels and electricity. 3. Higher thermal efficiency from IGCC. Environmental Advantages: 1. All carbon dioxide is captured from gasification section but CO2 emitted from the combustion turbine. 2. All SOx, NOx from coal conversion eliminated with a small amount of NOx from the combustion turbine. Mercury in coal is captured.

Case 3 is a combination of Case 1 and Case 2 using the same amount of Montana coal as Case 1 but splitting the syngas production into two parts, roughly half for electric power generation, and the other half for production of Fischer-Tropsch liquids. The primary coupling of the two processes is with the light gases leaving the Fischer-Tropsch section of the plant being fed to the electric power section. Referring to Figure 7, the process flows have been described previously for the separate parts of the combined process, so no further discussion is necessary.

Figure 7 Coal to Electric Power and Liquid Transportation Fuels

Case 4- Ultra-Green Technology to eliminate most carbon dioxide using hydrogen-rich gas in combustion turbines Commercial Advantages: 1. Highest Return on Investment. 2. Unconverted syngas can be burned in the combustion turbine. 3. Ability to make both liquid fuels and electricity. 4. Higher thermal efficiency from IGCC. 5. Combustion turbine burns a hydrogen-rich gas so little CO2 is emitted.

Environmental Advantages: 1. Extremely low CO2 emissions. 2. All SOx and NOx are eliminated from coal conversion with a small amount emitted from the combustion turbine. Mercury from coal is captured.

This case is quite similar to Case 3 but we now are shifting almost all of the syngas to make a hydrogen rich stream for the combustion turbine in Figure 8. A slip stream is taken before the shift converter. A hydrogen-rich stream leaving the CO2 scrubber is blended with this slip stream achieve the required 2.1/1 hydrogen/CO ratio. The combined stream is then fed to the Fischer-Tropsch section of the plant.

Combustion turbines need to be specifically modified to handle hydrogen-rich fuel. Flame stability is a problem and can be partially solved by adding methane to the fuel so that it stabilizes the flame. General Electric, a major gas turbine maker, and has worked with this flame stability problem and claims to have it reasonably solved.8 Obviously this is critical to making the “Ultra Green” case a commercial reality.

Figure 8 . “Ultra Green” case to make Electricity and Liquid Fuels

Case 5. Eastern high sulfur, low moisture coal instead of Western coal 1. Close to major liquid fuel markets. 2. Allows high sulfur Eastern coal to be used as all sulfur is captured. Environmental Advantages: 1. All SOx, NOx and mercury are captured.

Case 5, using Illinois 6 coal, is very similar to Case 3, using Montana Rosebud Coal. A comparison of the properties (proximate analysis) of the two coals is shown in Table 4.

Table 4. Comparison of Montana and Illinois Coal

Coal Moisture,% Volatiles,% Fixed Carbon Ash,% Sulfur,% Subitumenous Montana Rosebud 22 30 42 5.4 0.7 Bituminous Illinois #6 5 36 49 9.8 3.2

The two major differences between the coals are in the moisture and sulfur content. Specifically, the Rosebud coal is characterized by low sulfur and high moisture. The higher moisture content of the Rosebud hurts the overall thermal efficiency of gasification, particularly for a Texaco gasifier, where the coal is slurried in water. Slurry solids concentration for Illinois coal is typically 65% coal or higher while Montana coal slurry concentrations are in the range of 45% solids.

For the cases 5 and 3, the cold gas thermal efficiency for Illinois 6 coal was 79% while the Montana Rosebud ran 67%. Presumably most of this loss was due to the higher water content in the slurry feed which needs to be vaporized before the reaction will take place. Consequently, this results in more of the carbon in the coal being converted to carbon dioxide rather than carbon monoxide to generate the necessary heat of vaporization. If carbon dioxide can be sold, then the higher production of it is not an economic debit but instead a credit. The revenue from CO2 sales can actually exceed the revenue from liquid fuels production. The CO2 revenue stream is the reason the Montana coal (Case 3) has a return on investment of 15% while that of the Illinois coal (Case 5) is 9%.

The carbon dioxide stream will be smaller in this Case 5 due to the increased cold gasifier efficiency discussed above. The sulfur will be higher due to the Illinois #6 coal containing about five times as much sulfur.

Figure 9 Coal to Electricity and Liquid Fuels using Illinois 6 coal

Case 6. Ultra Green mode for converting Illinois 6 Coal to Electricity and Liquid Fuels Commercial Advantages: 1. Close to major liquid fuel markets. 2. Allows high sulfur Eastern coal to be used as all sulfur is captured.

Environmental Advantages: 1. Extremely low CO2 emissions. 2. All SOx and NOx from coal conversion are eliminated with a small amount of NOx emitted from the combustion turbine. Mercury is captured.

The process flow sheet for this case is identical to the ultra green case using Montana coal (Case 4). Recalling that we shift almost all of the carbon monoxide in the syngas to hydrogen, we require a larger CO shift converter. This results in $37 million more in capital investment for the bigger shift converter. The amount of carbon dioxide produced from lower moisture Illinois No 6 coal is smaller due to the higher efficiency of the gasification step. Less water in the gasifier results in higher cold gas efficiency, and less carbon dioxide produced. Carbon dioxide production for this case is 297 million SCFM compared to 387 million SCFM for the Montana ultra green case. Return on investment is 12% or 3% higher than Case 5 using standard syngas in the combustion turbine. Even though an additional $37 million for the larger shift converter is required, we are able to get a higher return so the additional cost to operate in the ultra green mode seems justified.

Future Challenges If crude oil prices drop back to the $40-50/ barrel level, then indirect liquefaction of coal will no longer be economically attractive, particularly with the operating risks associated with this technology and the huge capital investment. Providing assurances and incentives for private industry to build and operate one of these coal plants is critical to moving ahead. The technology is essentially proven by the plants operating in South Africa by Sasol but the risk of investing large amounts of money and then having the product values drop is a nagging worry.

Crude price has fluctuated since its discovery in the 19th century and it is reasonable to assume these fluctuations will continue. Thus if a plant is built, its economic outlook will vary with the price of crude. This has been the experience of Great Plains which was built in the oil crisis of the 70’s and 80’s.

However, given the world political situation, it seems prudent to move forward with commercialization of this technology. We feel that the US government should take the lead by: 1. Organizing a consortium of oil, coal and power companies to design, build and operate these types of plants. Production of electricity and CO2 for EOR will cushion the economic downside when crude prices drop. 2. Continue the 80% loan guarantee for the synfuels plants. 3. Provide a price support for the product from the plant, perhaps guaranteeing to purchase the entire liquid product at a set price. This guarantee would not be that significant as the plant would only produce 5 to 10 thousand barrels of liquid fuels per day. 4. Offering tax credits to corporations that build and operate “green” coal plants which make either electricity or liquid fuels. 5. Streamlining environmental permitting so that construction can proceed in a timely manner without setbacks by NIMBY groups, environmentalists, etc.

Conclusions

In summary, we have examined the potential of coal as a resource base to reduce our dependence on foreign oil. The US has sufficient coal reserves to reduce oil imports. We chose to convert coal to liquids via gasification followed by Fischer-Tropsch (indirect liquefaction) for the following reasons:

The technology is commercially demonstrated. There are several commercial plants in operation around the world today. The potential for an environmentally green process is exceptional. Integration with other technologies such as IGCC and enhanced oil recovery is significant.

We have applied this technology to both eastern and western coal, typified by Illinois 6 and Montana Rosebud respectively.

During the course of our work, we have reached a number of important conclusions:

1 Carbon dioxide is a potentially important revenue stream in any coal gasification plant. It value depends on nearby oil fields that are suited to enhanced oil recovery from CO2 injection. 2 The economics of gasification to co-produce power, transportation liquids and CO2 favors western Subitumenous coal over eastern coal. Western Subitumenous coal produces more CO2 per ton of coal gasified while producing less transportation liquid. 3 Considerable work has been done to determine that many western oil fields are suitable for enhanced oil recovery using CO2 flooding. These same studies need to be carried out on eastern oil fields. 4 Using existing technology, such as integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC), coal can be a very clean energy source for both electric power generation and liquid fuels production. Greenhouse gas emissions are almost completely eliminated with CO2 capture and sequestering, 5 Co-production of both electricity and liquid transportation fuels from coal seems to generate the highest return on investment. 6 If the CO2 can be sold, then shifting the synthesis gas power plant feed to a high concentration of hydrogen is economically attractive in spite of the increased capital investment for a larger shift converter.

In this study, we have clearly demonstrated the potential for coal. We feel that it is time for us to move ahead in developing transportation fuels from this domestic energy resource base. It broadens the US energy resources for liquid hydrocarbons and exploits a huge resource in an environmentally friendly way. References

[edit] Sources

• Barta, Patrick, “South Africa has a Way to Get More Oil: Make It From Coal, Wall Street Journal,August 16, 2006
• Deutch, John, “Biomass Movement”, Wall Street Journal, May 10, 2006
• Fahey, Jonathan, “Field of Dreamers” Forbes, pg 91, June 5, 2006
• Johnson, Jeff, “Getting to “Clean Coal”, C&E News, February 23, 2004.
• Moore, Taylor, “Coal-Based Technology at the Crossroads”, EPRI Journal Summer 2005
• Basin Oriented Strategies for CO2 Enhanced Oil Recovery-Williston Basin, Advanced Resources International, February 2006
• Probstein, R.F., and Hicks, R.E., “Synthetic Fuels”, McGraw-Hill Book Company pg 172, 1982
• . Todd, D.M. , Battista, R. A. “Demonstrated Applicability of Hydrogen Fuel for Gas Turbines, GE Power Systems.

64.41.1.51 20:53, 21 October 2007 (UTC) Articles for creation/2007-10-21

Declined. The proposed article is not suitable for Wikipedia. Kwsn(Ni!) 21:05, 21 October 2007 (UTC)

Born Rosa Vallentin (17 March 1878 in Berlin; Died 10 December 1937), Rosa Valetti was a German actress, cabaret performer and singer.

[edit] Biography

Valetti was the daughter of industrialist Felix Vallentin and sister of actor Hermann Vallentin. She played her first roles in the theatres of suburban Berlin. Inspired by the November revolution and her meeting with political satirist Kurt Tucholsky, Valetti began performing in cabarets. In 1920, she founded the Café Grössenwahn (Megalomania), which has been recognized as one of the most important literary and political cabarets in 1920s Berlin. Cafe Megalomania was frequented by Expressionist writers, and the program of sketch comedy and political songs reflected Valetti's belief in the cabaret as an instrument of political and social critisicm (Appignanesi, 138). The inflation of 1919 to 1923 and the subsequent collapse of the German economy forced Valetti to close Cafe Megalomania. She directed the cabaret Rakete for a time, then launched another cafe of her own, the Rampe, which hosted the works of revolutionist poet and singer Erich Weinert. Valetti was among the founders of the floating cabaret Larifari during the late 1920s (Appignanesi, 139). In 1928 she performed as Mrs. Peachum in the original cast of Bertolt Brecht's Threepenny Opera, which was staged under the direction of Erich Engels at Berlin's Theater am Schiffbauerdamm (Eckhardt and Gilman, 88-89).

Rosa Valetti acted in film roles from 1911. Her age and sturdy mien ensured that she acted mostly in motherly roles, as in the 1925 film Die Prinzessin und der Geiger(The Princess and the Violinist), in which she played a 46-year-old grandmother. In Josef von Sternberg's 1930 film The Blue Angel she plays the mother of the singer Lola-Lola (Marlene Dietrich). Valetti also appears briefly in Fritz Lang's 1931 classic M. as the proprieteror of an underworld cafe.

In 1933 Valetti went into exile, performing first in Vienna and Prague, then in Palestine in 1936. She married actor Ludwig Roth and had a daughter, the actress Liesel Valetti, with him.

A street in Berlin's Malsdorf district is named "Rosa-Valetti-Straße" in her honor.

[edit] Filmography

   * 1911: Frau Potiphar
   * 1914: Wollen sie meine Tochter heiraten ?
   * 1915: Das Laster
   * 1918: Othello oder: Das Verhängnis eines Fürstenhauses
   * 1918: Wanderratten
   * 1918: Die Lachende Maske
   * 1920: Die Tänzerin Barberina
   * 1920: Kurfürstendamm
   * 1920: Christian Wahnschaffe, 1. Teil - Weltbrand
   * 1920: Die Schuld der Lavinia Morland
   * 1921: Das Haus zum Mond
   * 1921: Die Rote Katze
   * 1922: Die Schneiderkomtess
   * 1924: Steuerlos
   * 1924: Zwischen Morgen und Morgen
   * 1925: Die Prinzessin und der Geiger
   * 1925: Die Moral der Gasse
   * 1926: Tartüff (Komödie)
   * 1926: Schatz, mach' Kasse
   * 1926: Die Waise von Lowood
   * 1927: Dr. Bessels Verwandlung
   * 1927: Wie heirate ich meinen Chef?
   * 1928: Spione
   * 1929: Das brennende Herz
   * 1929: Asphalt
   * 1930: Der blaue Engel (The Blue Angel)
   * 1931: Die Abenteuerin von Tunis / Treffpunkt Afrika
   * 1931: M - Eine Stadt sucht einen Mörder (M)
   * 1931: Das Ekel
   * 1931: Ehe mit beschränkter Haftung
   * 1931: Täter gesucht
   * 1931: Wiener Wald
   * 1931: Das Geheimnis der roten Katze
   * 1932: Die unsichtbare Front
   * 1932: Die Tänzerin von Sanssouci
   * 1932: Skandal in der Parkstraße
   * 1933: Moral und Liebe
   * 1934: Liliom
   * 1958: Das gab's nur einmal

[edit] Sources

This article and filmography were translated from http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosa_Valetti, with additional information as cited from

Lisa Appignanesi. The Cabaret. New York: Universe Books,1976. Wolf von Eckardt and Sander L. Gilman. Bertolt Brecht's Berlin: A Scrapbook of the Twenties. Garden City, New York: Anchor Press/Doubleday, 1975.

Web links:

  * Rosa Valetti at Filmportal.de
   * Rosa Valetti in the Internet Movie Database

68.43.156.10 20:53, 21 October 2007 (UTC) Articles for creation/2007-10-21

Article created. Thank you for your contribution to Wikipedia! MasterXC 16:24, 22 October 2007 (UTC)

Redirect to Casa Loma

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Common misspelling

99.233.79.4 21:16, 21 October 2007 (UTC) Articles for creation/2007-10-21

Redirect created. Thank you for your contribution to Wikipedia! Kwsn(Ni!) 16:18, 22 October 2007 (UTC)

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"The Atco Sessions" is an album by pop music artist, Lulu, released on October 29th, 2007 by Rhino Records. The 2 CD set is a compilation of her two Atco albums, "New Routes" and "Melody Fair", as well as singles and unreleased material. Most of the songs here have not been re-released since they were released during 1969-1972. The songs on these albums include collaborations with such famous musicians as Maurice Gibb, Duane Allman, and the Dixie Flyers to name a few. Most of these tracks were recorded at Muscle Shoals Recording Studios in Alabama.

Tracklisting: CD 1 (New Routes and Melody Fair): 1. Marley Purt Drive 2. In The Morning of my life 3. People In Love 4. After All (I Live My Life) 5. Feelin' Alright 6. Dirty Old Man7. Oh Me Oh My (I'm A Fool For You Baby) 8. Is That You Love 9. Mr. Bojangles 10. Where's Eddie? 11. Sweep Around Your Own Back Door 12. Good Day Sunshine 13. After The Feeling Is Gone 14. I Don't Care Anymore 15. (Don't Go) Please Stay 16. Melody Fair 17. Take Good Care of Yourself 18. Vine Street 19. Move To My Rythym 20. To The Other Woman (I'm The Other Woman) 21. Hum A Song (From Your Heart) 22. Sweet Memories 23. Saved.

CD 2 (Seperate Singles; Unreleased Songs): 1. Bury Me Down By The River 2. Got To Believe In Love 3. Joker's Wild 4. Come Down In Time 5. Everybody's Got To Clap 6. Back Home 7. Things Are Getting Better 8. Love Song 9. Goodbye, My Love, Goodbye 10. It Takes A Real Man (To Bring Out The Woman In Me) 11. You Ain't Wrong, You Just Ain't Right 12. Even If I Could Change 13. Hum A Song From Your Heart (Session Version) 14. I Don't Care Anymore (Early Mix) 15. Got To Believe In Love (Early Version) 16. Povera Me (Oh Me Oh My)[Italian Version]

[edit] Sources

News item from Lulu's Official Website http://luluofficial.com/newsitem.php?id=345

24.187.31.220 22:04, 21 October 2007 (UTC) Articles for creation/2007-10-21

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65.95.110.15 22:24, 21 October 2007 (UTC) Articles for creation/2007-10-21

Declined. We cannot accept unsourced suggestions or sources that are not reliable per the verifiability policy. Please provide reputable, third-party sources with your suggestions. Third party sources are needed both to establish the verifiability of the submission as well as its notability. Precious Roy 01:08, 22 October 2007 (UTC)

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Disc 1 1. Gudda Gudda, Tha Essay Potna, & Flip Gates - We Got Next (4:36) 2. Gudda Gudda - I Don't Back Down (4:00) 3. Flip Gates, Tha Essay Potna, & Gudda Gudda - Reefer & Liquor (4:32) 4. Full Effect - Go Call Your Click (4:25) 5. Dream Team - Thats What It Iz (4:12) 6. Lootenant & Flip Gates - Pimp Till I Die (2:57) 7. Flip Gates, Tha Essay Potna, & Gudda Gudda - Pop Me A Pill (5:08) 8. Full Effect - Gorillaz (3:46) 9. Gudda Gudda - I Need... Money (3:48) 10. Lil Peace - Oakcliff Anthem (4:34) 11. Flip Gates, Lootenant, & Gudda Gudda - This Is How We Do It (4:19) 12. Full Effect & Flip Gates - Undercover Hoe (4:14) 13. Full Effect & Flip Gates - I Gets Money (5:25) 14. Flip Gates - Swangaz On My Ride (4:34) 15. Flip Gates, Tha Essay Potna, & Gudda Gudda - Reefer & Liquor (screwed) (5:27) 16. Flip Gates, Tha Essay Potna, & Gudda Gudda - Pop Me A Pill (screwed) (6:01) 17. Flip Gates - Swangaz On My Ride (screwed) (5:39)

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70.245.154.58 22:32, 21 October 2007 (UTC) Articles for creation/2007-10-21

Declined. This article provides insufficient context for those unfamiliar with the subject matter. Please see tips on how to better format your article. Hersfold ^(t/a/c) 00:04, 22 October 2007 (UTC)

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A gangplank is a tool simultaneously introduced by English privateers and Barbary pirates, but which was generally attributed to the Barbary pirates (sort of like how Eric Clapton and Jimi Hendrix both stumbled across the power of the whammy bar at roughly the same time, but Hendrix gets to be remembered for rocking house¹ while Clapton today occupies the cultural space of a douchebag²). It is a long plank of wood that is extended off the bridge of a ship during at-sea executions, from which a bound captive was forced to walk off into the briny depths or face the assembled steel of his captors aboard ship³.

[edit] Sources

1. Henrdrix, Mcdermott. Jimi Hendrix: An Illustrated Experience. Atria; Har/Com edition (October 9, 2007). 2. Schumacker. Crossroads: The Life and Times of Eric Clapton. Citadel; Updated edition (March 1, 2003) 3. O'Brian. Master and Commander. W. W. Norton & Company (November 1990)

76.100.68.249 22:43, 21 October 2007 (UTC) Articles for creation/2007-10-21

Declined. This article provides insufficient context for those unfamiliar with the subject matter. Please see tips on how to better format your article. Hersfold ^(t/a/c) 00:05, 22 October 2007 (UTC)

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THIS IS FOR USERS THAT CANT USE PROJECT 64K on VISTA this is a alternative for pj64k here a direct download for mupen64k http://www.perfectdarkforever.com/downloads/M64K_079.zip heres my aim screan name dice1r (if u have any problems with setting up MUPEN64k)
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Peewee Moore is a Southern American Music Singer/Songwriter that has been establishing himself since 1999 when he went on The Journey Of Hope From Violence To Healing with legendary Singer/Songwriter Steve Earle. since then Peewee has gone on to write with and or accompany on and off record a number of sub culture acts and artist most notably Roger Alan Wade, and The Tennessee Rounders. since the split up of The Tennessee Rounders in July of 2007 Peewee has put together an ensemble called Peewee Moore & The Cottonmouth Cowboys and has been touring the united states.

[edit] Sources

www.peeweemoore.com, www.archive.org/details/PeeweeMoore, www.realcountrymusic.org/blog/_archives/2006/8/4/2200443.html, www.mucklewain.com/schedulep.htm, www.truckstoppreachers.com/schedule.php, www.timesfreepress.com/blog/cd/, chattanooga.oodle.com/sale/tickets/concert/, www.chattanoogapulse.com/vnews/display.v/ART/2007/10/10/470bbb699a716

69.254.80.67 23:37, 21 October 2007 (UTC) Articles for creation/2007-10-21

Declined. This suggestion doesn't sufficiently explain the importance or significance of the subject. See the speedy deletion criteria A7 and/or guidelines on biographies. Please provide more information on why the person or group is worthy of inclusion in an encyclopedia, and cite reliable, published third-party sources, so that the information in the article is verifiable. Thank you. MasterXC 16:21, 22 October 2007 (UTC)