Arturo Cruz
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Arturo José Cruz Porras (b. 1923) is a Nicaraguan banker and technocrat who became involved in politics during the Sandinista (FSLN) era.
[edit] Somoza opponent
Cruz grew up in Jinotepe, Nicaragua. His father disapproved of Anastasio Somoza García, despite the family's traditional Liberal loyalties. Cruz graduated from the military academy in 1944, but refused his commission rather than serve Somoza's dictatorship. He went on to attend Georgetown University in the United States. Cruz participated in a 1947 coup plot against Somoza, for which he was imprisoned for four months. After joining the April Rebellion of 1954, together with his brother-in-law, Adolfo Báez Bone, and Pedro Joaquín Chamorro Cardenal, he was jailed again for about a year,[1] while Báez was executed. However, his wife persuaded him not to join Edmundo and Fernando "El Negro" Chamorro in their November 1960 rising, which included an attack on the Jinotepe barracks. He would avoid rebel politics for nearly two decades.
In 1969, Cruz became an official at the Inter-American Development Bank in Washington, D.C.. There, he was approached by the FSLN in 1977. He became a member of Los Doce, the Group of Twelve establishment figures who voiced support for the Sandinista struggle against dictator Anastasio Somoza Debayle. Their backing of the Sandinistas' popular front convinced many Nicaraguans that the FSLN's appeal had broadened beyond its communist roots, and moved the country towards the full-scale insurrection that toppled the régime in July 1979.
[edit] Sandinista opponent
Cruz was appointed head of the Central Bank in post-Somoza Nicaragua. When the non-communist moderates resigned from the Junta of National Reconstruction in April 1980, after finding that the real power lay with the FSLN National Directorate, he joined the Junta as a replacement moderate on May 18. He too became frustrated with his impotence, but agreed to leave gracefully by becoming ambassador to the United States. The arrangement was announced on March 4, 1981.
Cruz continued to clash with Sandinista policies, and resigned as ambassador in November 1981, returning to the IADB. However, he was a major ghostwriter for the speech delivered by Sandinista hero Edén Pastora at his press conference of April 15, 1982, in which Pastora declared his break with the FSLN National Directorate. Pastora's speech helped convince his son, Arturo Cruz, Jr., who was not then aware of his father's role, to also move from supporting the Sandinistas to joining Pastora's camp.
When the Sandinistas announced in January 1984 that they would hold elections in November, the opposition umbrella group, the Coordinadora, settled on Cruz as the only candidate acceptable to all factions. However, in the end he boycotted the election, saying it would not be free and fair.
Afterwards, Cruz drifted deeper into the politics of the rebel Contras. He was a primary drafter of the San José Declaration of March 1, 1985, signed by many rebel leaders. The declaration evolved into the formation of the rebel umbrella group United Nicaraguan Opposition (UNO) on June 12, with Alfonso Robelo and the Nicaraguan Democratic Force's Adolfo Calero. However, with Calero's FDN comprising the great majority of UNO's forces, he found himself in another figurehead position. He continually threatened to resign unless he and Robelo were given real power. Despite Calero's eventual resignation in February 1987, he quit anyway on March 9.
In 1999, he issued a statement asking the United States and Honduran governments to release all information about the death of his nephew, David Arturo Baez Cruz, a naturalized American citizen and former Green Beret who returned to Nicaragua to serve in Sandinista military intelligence, and died while acting as a military adviser with Honduran guerrillas.
[edit] References
- ^ Cruz, Jr.: 34 says fourteen months, but Kinzer:224 and another source says eleven months.
- Chamorro, Violeta Barrios de. Dreams of the Heart: The Autobiography of President Violeta Barrios de Chamorro of Nicaragua. Simon & Schuster.
- Christian, Shirley. Nicaragua: Revolution in the Family. Vintage.
- Cruz, Arturo Jr. Memoirs of a Counter-Revolutionary: Life With the Contras, the Sandinistas, and the CIA. Doubleday.
- Kinzer, Stephen. Blood of Brothers: Life and War in Nicaragua. Putnam.
