Article 41-bis prison regime

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The article 41-bis of the Italian Penitentiary Act allows the Minister of Justice or the Minister of the Interior to suspend certain prison regulations. Currently it is used against people imprisoned for particular crimes: Mafia involvement; drug-trafficking; homicide; aggravated robbery and extortion; kidnapping; importation, buying, possession or cession of huge amounts of drugs; and crimes committed for terrorism or for subversion of the constitutional system.^[1] It is suspended only when a prisoner co-operates with the authorities, when a court annuls it, or when a prisoner dies.

Contents 1 Restrictive measures 2 History 3 Mafia protests 4 European Court of Human Rights 5 References 6 External links

[edit] Restrictive measures

The system was essentially intended to cut inmates off completely from their original milieu and to separate them from their former criminal associates. Measures normally include:

• a ban on the use of the telephone;
• a ban on all association or correspondence with other prisoners;
• a ban on meetings with third parties;
• restrictions on visits from members of the family (once per month and visitors are only allowed to communicate by intercom through thick glass);
• a ban on receiving or sending sums of money over a set amount;
• a ban on receiving parcels (other than those containing linen) from the outside;
• a ban on organising cultural, recreational or sporting activities;
• a ban on voting or standing in elections for prisoner representatives;
• a ban on taking part in arts-and-crafts activities, etc.^[2][3]

[edit] History

Article 41-bis was introduced in 1975 as an emergency measure to deal with prison unrest and revolts during the years of lead (Italian: anni di piombo), characterized by widespread social conflicts and terrorism acts carried out by extra-parliamentary movements. On June 8, 1992, after the killing of judge Giovanni Falcone by the Mafia, it was modified and the the new article stipulated that restrictive measures could be implemented when there was “serious concern over the maintenance of order and security.” The aim was to prevent association, and therefore the exchange of messages, between Mafia prisoners and to break the chain of command between Mafia bosses and their subordinates.^[3]

In the days following the killing of Falcone’s colleague Paolo Borsellino, 400 imprisoned Mafia bosses were transferred by helicopter and military transport aircraft from Palermo’s Ucciardone prison to top security prisons on the mainland at Ascoli Piceno and Cuneo, and to the island prisons of Pianosa and Asinara, where the severity of the 41-bis regime was accentuated by geographical remoteness.^[3]

Over the years, the 41-bis system has gradually been relaxed, in response to domestic court decisions or the European Committee for the Prevention of Torture (CPT) recommendations to ensure appropriate contacts and activities for prisoners subject to that regime. When first implemented, section 41-bis also empowered the Minister of Justice to censor all of a prisoner’s correspondence, including that with lawyers and organs of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR). The Court affirmed that under the exceptional regime of art. 41-bis there is an unlawful interference with the right to correspondence ex art. 8 of ECHR, since restrictions to constitutional rights can be determined only by means of a reasoned judicial decision and never by means of a Ministerial Decree.^[2]

In 2002, the measure became a permanent fixture in the penal code. Amnesty International has expressed concern that the 41 bis regime could in some circumstances amount to "cruel, inhumane or degrading treatment" for prisoners.^[4][5]

[edit] Mafia protests

In June 2002, some 300 Mafia prisoners declared a hunger strike, calling for an end to the isolation conditions and objecting to parliament's Antimafia Commission proposal to extend the measure. Apart from refusing prison food, the inmates had been constantly banging the metalwork of their cells.^[6][7][8] The protest itself seemed to prove the law's ineffectiveness. After the protest began in Marina Picena prison in central Italy – the prison's inmates include Salvatore Riina, the reputed "boss of bosses" – it spread rapidly across the country, in spite of inmates supposedly having no way to contact one another. Mobsters of different ranks in eight jails had joined in.^[7]

According to a Los Angeles judge in October 2007 the 41-bis prison regime was designed to physically and psychologically compel criminals to reveal information about the Sicilian Mafia and constituted "coercion … not related to any lawfully imposed sanction or punishment, and thus constitutes torture." The judge based his ruling on the United Nations Convention Against Torture.^[9][10]

[edit] European Court of Human Rights

On November 27, 2007, the European Court of Human Rights condemned Italy for the tough prison conditions it imposes on its most dangerous criminals, mostly leading organized crime figures. The Strasbourg-based court held unanimously that the so-called 41 bis regime violated two articles of the European Convention on Human Rights. The first was Article 6 § 1 (right to a fair hearing), and the second was Article 8 (right to respect for private and family life). The court's ruling was in response to a suit filed by Santo Asciutto, a member of the notorious Calabrian crime syndicate 'Ndrangheta, who is serving a life sentence for murder.^[4][11]

[edit] References

• Jamieson, Alison (2000). The Antimafia. Italy’s Fight Against Organized Crime, London: MacMillan Press ISBN 0-333-80158-X

[edit] External links

• (Italian) L'Europa condanna il "41 bis", Antimafia Duemila, January 8, 2008
• (Italian) "Il 41 bis equivale a una tortura", TG3, October 15, 2007