Arterial road
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An arterial road is a moderate or high-capacity road which is immediately below a highway level of service. Much like a biological artery, an arterial road carries large volumes of traffic between areas in urban centres. They are noted for their lack of residential entrances directly onto the road (except in older or more dense communities); they are designed to carry traffic between neighbourhoods, and have intersections with collector and local streets. Often, commercial areas such as shopping centres, gas stations and other businesses are located on them. Arterial roads also link up to expressways and freeways with interchanges.
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[edit] Categories
The category is often subdivided into principal arterial roads and minor arterial roads, with the former category being for the more important and busier roads.
[edit] Origin
Arterial roads can originate in different ways: some were main rural roads that have been upgraded with the transformation of countryside into urban residential use; others were planned along with the suburban layout and built especially for that purpose.
The flow of an arterial road usually consists of large, signalled intersections (or traffic circles) with other arterial and many collector roads, and smaller intersections which have stop signs only for the smaller road. As stated above, any other entries to the road are for major commercial (or perhaps industrial) uses, designed for traffic; a large residential complex or apartment tower might have a single entrance onto the road.
Urban planners will often consider such roads when laying out new areas of development, as major utilities such as trunk sewers and water mains can be built through the same corridor.
Speed limits are typically between 30 and 60 mph (50 to 100 km/h) on arterial roads, depending on the degree of development and frequency of local access, intersections and pedestrians.
In mid-size communities, these streets can be a 5-lane corridor. At the opposite extreme, large cities may sport 8-lane arterial roads, and these may serve double duty as local or state highways. Woodward Avenue and Telegraph Road in the metropolitan Detroit area are examples of this kind of road.
In the United Kingdom, Arterial Roads became best known during the 1930s when built to alleviate both unemployment but also traffic congestion. The biggest examples are in London and also the East Lancashire Road in the North West of England.
In the Sydney, New South Wales, Australia, the Eastern Arterial Road cuts through nature reserve, offering an alternate route from some northern suburbs to the city, rather than using the Pacific Highway.
In Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, Springvale Road is a good example of an Arterial Road, running through and connecting the North-Eastern Suburbs to the Southern Suburbs.
[edit] Environmental issues
As with other roadway types, environmental consequences derive from arterial roadways, including air pollution generation, noise pollution and surface runoff of water pollutants. Air pollution generation from arterials can be rather concentrated, since traffic volumes can be relatively high, and traffic operating speeds are often low to moderate.[1] Sound levels can also be considerable due to moderately high traffic volumes characteristic of arterials and also due to considerable braking and acceleration that often occur on arterials.[2]
[edit] References
- ^ [Roadway air dispersion model: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
- ^ C.Michael Hogan, Analysis of highway noise, Journal of Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, Volume 2, Number 3, Biomedical and Life Sciences and Earth and Environmental Science Issue, Pages 387-392, September, 1973, Springer Verlag, Netherlands ISSN 0049-6979
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