Armstrong Whitworth Whitley
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| A.W.38 Whitley | |
|---|---|
 Whitley Mk.V |
|
| Type | Night bomber |
| National origin | United Kingdom |
| Manufacturer | Armstrong Whitworth Aircraft |
| Designed by | John Lloyd |
| Maiden flight | 17 March 1936 |
| Introduction | 1937 |
| Retired | 1945 |
| Primary user | Royal Air Force |
| Number built | 1,814 |
| Developed from | Armstrong Whitworth AW.23 |
The Armstrong Whitworth A.W.38 Whitley was one of three British twin-engine, front line medium bomber types in service with the Royal Air Force at the outbreak of the Second World War. It took part in the first RAF bombing raid on German territory,[1] and remained an integral part of the early British bomber offensive until the introduction of four-engine "heavies". Its front line service included performing maritime reconnaissance duties with Coastal Command, while also being employed in the second line roles of glider-tug, trainer and transport aircraft.
The aircraft was named after Whitley, a suburb of Coventry where one of Armstrong Whitworth's plants was located.
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[edit] Design and development
The Whitley was developed by John Lloyd, the chief designer of Armstrong Whitworth Aircraft from the Armstrong Whitworth AW.23 bomber-transport to meet Air Ministry Specification B.3/34 issued in 1934 for a heavy night bomber. The Whitley carried a crew of five and was the first aircraft serving with the RAF to have a monocoque (stressed skin) fuselage,[1] which resulted in a slab-sided structure and eased production. As Lloyd was unfamiliar with the use of flaps on a large heavy monoplane, they were initially omitted. To compensate, the mid-set wings were set at a high angle of incidence (8.5 deg) to confer good takeoff and landing performance. Although flaps were included late in the design stage, the wing remained unaltered. As a result, the Whitley flew with a pronounced nose-down attitude,[2] resulting in considerable drag. This "nose down" attitude was first seen in the design of the Armstrong Whitworth Ensign pre-war airliner.
The first prototype Whitley Mark I (K4586) flew from Baginton airfield on 17 March 1936, piloted by Armstrong Whitworth's chief test pilot Campbell Orde and was powered by two 795 hp Armstrong Siddeley Tiger IX radial engines.[3] Owing to the urgent need to replace biplane heavy bombers still in service with the RAF, an order for 160 aircraft had been placed in 1935, before the Whitley had first flown. After the first 34 aircraft had been built, the engines were replaced with more reliable two-stage supercharged Tiger VIIIs, resulting in the Whitley Mk.II. The addition of a retractable two-gun ventral "dustbin" turret resulted in the Whitley Mk.III.
While the Tiger VIIIs used in the Whitley II and III were more reliable than those used in early aircraft, the Whitley was re-engined with Rolls Royce Merlin engines in 1938 giving rise to the Whitley Mk.IV.
Early marks of the Whitley had bomb bay doors which were kept closed by bungee cords, and opened by the weight of the released bombs falling on them.[2] The Mk.III introduced hydraulically actuated doors which greatly improved bombing accuracy. To aim bombs, the bombardier opened a hatch in the nose of the aircraft which extended the bombsight out of the fuselage, but to everyone's comfort, the Mk.IV replaced this hatch with a slightly extended transparency.
[edit] Operational history
The Whitley first entered service with No. 10 Squadron in March 1937,[3] replacing Handley Page Heyford biplanes, and by the outbreak of the Second World War, seven squadrons were operational with the Whitley. The majority were flying Whitley IIIs or IVs as the Whitley V had only just been introduced.[3][4]
Along with the Handley Page Hampden and the Vickers Wellington, the Whitley bore the brunt of the early fighting, seeing action on the first night of the war, dropping leaflets over Germany. Amongst the many aircrew who flew the Whitley in operations over Germany was the later to be famous Leonard Cheshire who spent most of his first three years at war flying Whitleys. However, unlike the Hampden and Wellington – which met specification B.9/32 for a day bomber – the Whitley was always intended for night operations, and so did not share the early heavy losses received in attempted daylight raids on German shipping early in the war. Along with Hampdens, the Whitley made the first bombing raid on German soil on the night of 19 March–20 March 1940, attacking the Hornum seaplane base on the Island of Sylt.[1] Whitleys also carried out the first RAF raid on Italy in June 1940.
As the oldest of the three bombers, the Whitley was obsolete by the start of the war, yet over 1,000 more were produced before a suitable replacement was found. A particular problem with the two-engined aircraft was that it could not maintain altitude on one engine. With Bomber Command, Whitleys flew 8,996 operations, dropped 9,845 tons of bombs with 269 aircraft lost in action. The Whitley was retired from all front line service in late 1942 but it continued to operate as a transport for troops and freight, as well as for paratroop training and towing gliders. No. 100 Group RAF used Whitleys to carry airborne radar and electronic counter-measures.
The British Overseas Airways Corporation operated 15 Whitley Mk Vs converted into freighters in 1942. Running night supply flights from Gibraltar to Malta, they took seven hours to reach the island, often landing during air attacks. They used large quantities of fuel for a small payload and were replaced in August 1942 by the Lockheed Hudson,[5] with the 14 survivors being returned to the Royal Air Force.
The long-range Coastal Command Mk VII variants were among the last to see front line service, with the first kill attributed to them being the sinking of the German U-boat U-751, on 17 July 1942 in combination with a Lancaster heavy bomber.[6][7] Having evaluated the Whitley in 1942, the Fleet Air Arm operated a number of modified ex-RAF Mk VIIs from 1944–46 to train aircrew in Merlin engine management and fuel transfer procedures.[1]
[edit] Variants
Following the two prototypes (K4586 and K4587), at the outbreak of the war the RAF had 207 Whitleys in service ranging from Mk I to Mk IV types, with improved versions following:
- Mk.I
- Powered by 795 hp Armstrong Siddeley Tiger IX air-cooled radial engines: 34 built
- Mk.II
- Powered by 920 hp two-stage supercharged Tiger VIII engines: 46 built
- Mk.III
- Powered by Tiger VIII engines, retractable "dustbin" ventral turret fitted aft of the wing root armed with two .303 in (7.7 mm) machine guns, hydraulically operated bomb bay doors and ability to carry larger bombs: 80 built
- Mk.IV
- Powered by 1,030 hp Rolls Royce Merlin IV inline liquid-cooled engines, increased fuel capacity, extended bomb-aimer's transparency, produced from 1938: 33 built
- Mk.IVA
- Powered by 1,145 hp Merlin X engines: 7 built
- Mk.V
- The main wartime production version based on the Mk IV, modified fins, leading edge de-icing, manually operated tail and retractable ventral turrets replaced with a Nash & Thompson powered turret equipped with four .303 in (7.7 mm) Browining machine guns, tail fuselage extended by 15 in (381 mm) to improve the field of fire.[1] First flew in December 1938, production ceased in June 1943: 1,466 built
- Mk.VI
- Proposed Pratt & Whitney- or Merlin XX-powered version: none built
- Mk.VII
- Designed for service with Coastal Command and carried a sixth crew member, capable of longer range flights [2,300 miles (3,700 km) compared to the early version's 1,250 miles (2,011 km)][1] having additional fuel tanks fitted in the bomb bay and fuselage, equipped with Air to Surface Vessel (ASV) radar for anti-shipping patrols with an additional four dorsal radar masts and other antennae: 146 built
[edit] Operators
[edit] Military operators
- Royal Air Force
- No. 7 Squadron RAF between March 1938 and May 1939.
- No. 10 Squadron RAF between March 1937 and December 1941.
- No. 51 Squadron RAF between February 1938 and October 1942.
- No. 53 Squadron RAF between February 1943 and May 1943.
- No. 58 Squadron RAF between October 1937 and January 1943.
- No. 76 Squadron RAF
- No. 77 Squadron RAF between November 1938 and October 1942.
- No. 78 Squadron RAF between July 1937 and March 1942.
- No. 97 Squadron RAF between February 1939 and May 1940.
- No. 102 Squadron RAF between October 1938 and February 1942.
- No. 105 Squadron RAF
- No. 109 Squadron RAF operated only one aircraft (P5047).
- No. 138 Squadron RAF between August 1941 and October 1942.
- No. 161 Squadron RAF between February 1942 and December 1942.
- No. 166 Squadron RAF between July 1938 and April 1940.
- No. 201 Squadron RAF
- No. 295 Squadron RAF between August 1942 and November 1943.
- No. 296 Squadron RAF between June 1943 and March 1943.
- No. 297 Squadron RAF between February 1942 and February 1944.
- No. 298 Squadron RAF between August 1942 and October 1942.
- No. 502 Squadron RAF between October 1940 and February 1943.
- No. 612 Squadron RAF between November 1940 and June 1943.
- No. 1478 Flight RAF
- Fleet Air Arm
- No. 734 Naval Air Squadron operated Whitleys between February 1944 and February 1946.
[edit] Civil Operators
[edit] Survivors
Of the 1,737 Whitleys produced, there are no surviving complete aircraft in existence; however, The Whitley Project are rebuilding an example from salvaged remains and a fuselage section is displayed at the Midland Air Museum (MAM) whose site is located adjacent to the airfield from where the Whitley's maiden flight took place.
[edit] Specifications (Whitley Mk.V)
Data from[citation needed]
General characteristics
- Crew: 5
- Length: 70 ft 6 in (21.49 m)
- Wingspan: 84 ft (25.60 m)
- Height: 15 ft (4.57 m)
- Wing area: 1,137 ft² (106 m²)
- Empty weight: 19,300 lb (8,768 kg)
- Max takeoff weight: 33,500 lb (15,196 kg)
- Powerplant: 2× Rolls-Royce Merlin X liquid-cooled V12 engine, 1,145 hp (855 kW) each
Performance
- Maximum speed: 200 knots (230 mph, 370 km/h) at 16,400 ft (5,000 m)
- Combat radius: 1,430 nm (1,650 mi, 2,650 km)
- Ferry range: 2,100 nm (2,400 mi, 3,900 km)
- Service ceiling 26,000 ft (7,900 m)
- Rate of climb: 800 ft/min (4.1 m/s)
- Max wing loading: 29.5 lb/ft² (143 kg/m²)
- Minimum power/mass: 0.684 hp/lb (112 W/kg)
Armament
- Guns:
- 1× .303 in (7.7 mm) Vickers K machine gun in nose turret
- 4× .303 in Browning machine guns in tail turret
- Bombs: Up to 7,000 lb (3,175 kg) of bombs in the fuselage and 14 individual cells in the wings, typically including
- 12× 250 lb (110 kg) and
- 2× 500 lb (230 kg) bombs
- Bombs as heavy as 2,000 lb (907 kg) could be carried
[edit] See also
Comparable aircraft
Related lists
[edit] References
[edit] Notes
- ^ a b c d e f Crosby 2007, p. 48–49.
- ^ a b Gunston, Bill. Classic World War II Aircraft Cutaways. London: Osprey, 1995. ISBN 1-85532-526-8
- ^ a b c Mason, Francis K. The British Bomber since 1914. London: Putnam Aeronautical Books, 1994. ISBN 0-85177-861-5
- ^ Thetford, Owen. Aircraft of the Royal Aircraft 1918-57. London: Putnam & Co., 1957.
- ^ Jackson, A.J. British Civil Aircraft since 1919 (Volume 1). London: Putnam, 1973. ISBN 0-370-10006-9.
- ^ U-boat.net/ U-206
- ^ Uboat.net/ U-751,
[edit] Bibliography
- Cheshire, Leonard. Leonard Cheshire V.C. Bomber Pilot. St. Albans, Herts, UK: Mayflower, 1975 (reprint of 1943 edition). ISBN 0-583-12541-7.
- Crosby, Francis. The World Encyclopedia of Bombers. London: Anness Publishing Ltd., 2007. ISBN 1-84477-511-9.
- Donald, David and Lake, Jon. Encyclopedia of World Military Aircraft. London: AIRtime Publishing, 1996. ISBN 1-880588-24-2.
- Green, William. Famous Bombers of the Second World War. London: Macdonald and Jane's, 1959, (third revised edition 1975). ISBN 0-356-08333-0.
- Green, William and Swanborough, Gordon. WW2 Aircraft Fact Files: RAF Bombers, Part 1. London: Macdonald and Jane's, 1979. ISBN 0-354-01230-4.
- Moyes, Philip J.R. The Armstrong Whitworth Whitley. London: Profile Publications Ltd., 1967.
- Moyes, Philip J.R. Bomber Squadrons of the RAF and Their Aircraft. London: Macdonald and Jane's, 1964, revised edition 1976. ISBN 0-354-01027-1.
- Roberts, R.N. The Whitley File. Tonbridge, Kent, UK: Air-Britain (Historians) Ltd., 1986.
- Wixey, Ken. Armstrong Whitworth Whitley (Warpaint Series No. 21). Denbigh East, Bletchley, UK: Hall Park Books Ltd., 1999. ISBN 0-99990-021-7.
[edit] External links
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