Armenian language

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Armenian
Հայերեն Hayeren
Spoken in: Armenia, Nagorno-Karabakh (de facto a republic, de-jure part of Azerbaijan), and the Armenian diaspora
Total speakers: 5.5 million [1] 
Ranking: 87
Language family: Indo-European
 Armenian
 
Writing system: Armenian alphabet 
Official status
Official language in: Flag of Armenia Armenia
Flag of Nagorno-Karabakh Republic Nagorno-Karabakh
(de jure part of Azerbaijan)
Regulated by: National Academy of Sciences of Armenia
Language codes
ISO 639-1: hy
ISO 639-2: arm (B)  hye (T)
ISO 639-3: hye

The Armenian language (հայերեն լեզու, IPA[hajɛɹɛn lɛzu]hayeren lezu, conventional short form hayeren) is an Indo-European language spoken by the Armenian people. It is the official language of the Republic of Armenia as well as Nagorno-Karabakh (a de facto republic but de-jure part of Azerbaijan). The language is also widely spoken by Armenian communities in the Armenian diaspora. It has its own script, the Armenian alphabet.

Linguists typically classify Armenian as an independent branch of the Indo-European language family.[2][3] Some Indo-Europeanists, notably Clackson (1994), have proposed that Armenian may have been grouped together with the Hellenic branch (Greek). This is called the Graeco-Armenian Hypothesis, in combination with a Graeco-Aryan hypothesis (Renfrew, Clackson and Fortson 1994).

Contents

History

History of the
Armenian language

(see also: Armenian alphabet)
Proto-Armenian
Graeco-Armenian hypothesis
Classical Armenian (from 405)
Middle Armenian (c. 1100–1700)
Modern Armenian (c. 1820 to present)
Eastern Armenian
Western Armenian

Origins

Main article: Proto-Armenian
See also: Armenian hypothesis

The Armenian language dates to the early period of Indo-European differentiation and dispersion some 5000 years ago, or perhaps as early as 7,800 years ago according to some recent research.[4]

Graeco-Armenian hypothesis

Armenian is regarded by some linguists as a close relative of Phrygian. Many scholars such as Clackson (1994) hold that Greek is the most closely related surviving language to Armenian. The characteristically Greek representation of word-initial laryngeals by prothetic vowels is shared by Armenian, which also shares other phonological and morphological peculiarities of Greek. The close relatedness of Armenian and Greek sheds light on the paraphyletic nature of the Centum-Satem isogloss. Armenian also shares major isoglosses with Greek; some linguists propose that the linguistic ancestors of the Armenians and Greeks were either identical or in a close contact relation. However other linguists including Fortson (2004) comment "by the time we reach our earliest Armenian records in the 5th century A.D., the evidence of any such early kinship has been reduced to a few tantalizing pieces."

Speculations on Anatolian influence

Indo-European topics

Indo-European languages
Albanian · Armenian · Baltic
Celtic · Germanic · Greek
Indo-Iranian (Indo-Aryan, Iranian)
Italic · Slavic  

extinct: Anatolian · Paleo-Balkans (Dacian,
Phrygian, Thracian) · Tocharian

Indo-European peoples
Albanians · Armenians
Balts · Celts · Germanic peoples
Greeks · Indo-Aryans
Iranians · Latins · Slavs

historical: Anatolians (Hittites, Luwians)
Celts (Galatians, Gauls) · Germanic tribes
Illyrians · Italics  · Sarmatians
Scythians  · Thracians  · Tocharians
Indo-Iranians (Rigvedic tribes, Iranian tribes) 

Proto-Indo-Europeans
Language · Society · Religion
 
Urheimat hypotheses
Kurgan hypothesis
Anatolia · Armenia · India · PCT
 
Indo-European studies

W. M. Austin in 1942 concluded[5] that there was an early contact between Armenian and Anatolian languages, based on what he considered common archaisms, such as the lack of a feminine, the absence of inherited long vowels and the centum character.

Iranian influence

The Classical Armenian language (often referred to as Grabar, literally "written (language)") imported numerous words from Middle Iranian languages, primarily Parthian, and contains smaller inventories of borrowings from Greek, Syriac, Latin, and autochthonous languages such as Urartian. Middle Armenian (11th–15th centuries AD) incorporated further loans from Arabic, Turkish, Persian, and Latin, and the modern dialects took in hundreds of additional words from Modern Turkish and Persian. Therefore, determining the historical evolution of Armenian is particularly difficult because Armenian borrowed many words from Parthian and Persian (both Iranian languages) as well as from Greek.

The large percentage of loans from Iranian languages initially led linguists to classify Armenian as an Iranian language. The distinctness of Armenian was only recognized when Hübschmann (1875) used the comparative method to distinguish two layers of Iranian loans from the true Armenian vocabulary. The two modern literary dialects, Western (originally associated with writers in the Ottoman Empire) and Eastern (originally associated with writers in the Russian Empire), removed almost all of their Turkish lexical influences in the 20th century, primarily following the Armenian Genocide.

Phonology

Vowels

Part of the series on
Armenians
Հայեր
Tigranes the Great St. Mesrob Mashtots Vartan Mamikonian Levon V Lusignan Ivan Aivazovsky
Aram Khachaturian William Saroyan Tigran Petrosian Charles Aznavour Isabel Bayrakdarian

Armenian culture
Architecture · Art
Cuisine · Dance · Dress
Literature · Music
Religion

By country or region
Armenia · Nagorno-Karabakh
Armenian diaspora

Subgroups
Hamshenis · Cherkesogai

Religion
Armenian Apostolic Church
Armenian Catholic Church ·
Armenian Evangelical Church

Languages and dialects
Armenian
Eastern Armenian · Western Armenian

Armenian History

Persecution
Armenian Genocide · Hamidian massacres ·
Adana massacre · Anti-Armenianism

v  d  e

Modern Armenian has eight monophthong vowel sounds.

Front Central Back
Unrounded Rounded Unrounded Rounded
Close i ʏ     u
Mid ɛ œ ə   o
Open       ɑ  

Classical Armenian distinguishes seven vowels: /a/ (ա), /ɪ/ (ի), /ə/ (ը), /ɛ/ (ե), /e/ (է), /o/ (ո and օ) and /u/ (ու) (transcribed as a, i, ë, e, ē, o/ò, and ow respectively).

Consonants

The following table lists the Eastern Armenian consonantal system. The occlusives and affricates have a special aspirated series (transcribed with a Greek spiritus asper after the letter): p῾, t῾, c῾, č῾, k῾. Each phoneme in the table is represented by three symbols. The topmost indicates the phoneme's pronunciation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA); below that appears the corresponding letter of the Armenian alphabet; and the bottom symbol is its Latin-alphabet transliteration (according to ISO 9985).

  bilabial labio-
dental
alveolar post-
alveolar
palatal velar /
uvular
glottal
plosive p  b
պ  բ
p  b
  t  d
տ  դ
t  d
    k  g
կ  գ
k  g
 
aspirated plosive
փ
p‘
 
թ
t‘
   
ք
k‘
 
nasal m
մ
m
  n
ն
n
       
fricative   f  v
ֆ  վ
f  v
s  z
ս  զ
s  z
ʃ  ʒ
շ  ժ
š  ž
  χ  ʁ
խ  ղ
x  ġ
h
հ
h
affricate     t͡s  d͡z
ծ  ձ
ç  j
t͡ʃ  t͡ʒ
ճ  ջ
č̣  ǰ
     
aspirated affricate     t͡sʰ
ց
c‘
t͡ʃʰ
չ
č
     
approximant     ɹ
ր
r
  j
-յ-
y
   
trill     r
ռ
       
lateral approximant     l
լ
l
       

Morphology

Armenian manuscript 5-6 cc.
Armenian manuscript 5-6 cc.

Armenian corresponds with other Indo-European languages in its structure, but it shares distinctive sounds and features of its grammar with neighboring languages of the Caucasus region. Armenian is rich in combinations of consonants. Both classical Armenian and the modern spoken and literary dialects have a complicated system of declining nouns, with six or seven noun cases but no gender. In modern Armenian the use of auxiliary verbs to show tense (comparable to will in "he will go") has generally supplemented the inflected verbs of classical Armenian. Negative verbs are conjugated differently from positive ones (as in English "he goes" and "he does not go"). Grammatically, early forms of Armenian had much in common with classical Greek and Latin, but the modern language, like modern Greek, has undergone many transformations. With time the Armenian language made a transition from a synthetic language (Old Armenian or Grabar) to a typical analytic language (Modern Armenian) with Middle Armenian as a midpoint in this transition.

Lord Byron studied the Armenian language. He helped to compile an Armenian grammar textbook and translated a few Armenian books into English.

Noun

Classical Armenian has no grammatical gender, not even in the pronoun. The nominal inflection, however, preserves several types of inherited stem classes. The noun may take seven cases, nominative, accusative, locative, genitive, dative, ablative, instrumental. Interestingly enough, it shares the common -tion noun-forming suffix with Latin (the Armenian cognate is t'yown, թյուն).

Verb

Main article: Armenian verbs

Verbs in Armenian have an expansive system of conjugation with two main verb types (three in Western Armenian) changing form based on tense, mood and aspect.

Dialects

The major division is between the Eastern and Western dialects. The most distinctive feature of Western Armenian is that it has undergone several phonetic mergers; these may be due to proximity to Arabic and Turkish-speaking communities.

For example, Eastern Armenian speakers pronounce (թ) as an aspirated "t" as in "tiger", (դ) like the "d" in "develop", and (տ) as an unaspirated voiceless stop, sounding somewhere between the two as in "stop." Western Armenian has simplified the stop system into a simple division between voiced stops and voiceless aspirate ones; the first series corresponds to the unaspirated voiceless series of Eastern Armenian, and the second corresponds to the Eastern voiced and aspirated voiceless series. Thus, the Western dialect pronounces both (թ) and (դ) as an aspirated "t" as in "tiger," and the (տ) letter is pronounced like the letter "d" as in "develop."

There is no precise linguistic border between one dialect and another because there is nearly always a dialect transition zone of some size between pairs of geographically identified dialects). The main difference between both blocks are:

Armenian can be subdivided in two major dialectal blocks and those blocks into individual dialects, though many of the Western Armenian dialects have died due to the effects of the Armenian Genocide. In addition, neither dialect is completely homogeneous: any dialect can be subdivided into several subdialects. While Western and Eastern Armenian are often described as different dialects of the same language, some subdialects are not readily mutually intelligible. It is true, however, that a fluent speaker of two greatly varying subdialects who are exposed to the other dialect over even a short period of time will be able to understand the other with relative ease.

English - Eastern Armenian

  • Yes = Ayo (այո)
  • No = Oč (ոչ)
  • Excuse me = Neroġowt'iown (ներողություն)
  • Hello = Barev (բարեւ)
  • How are you(formal) = Vonts ek (վո՞նց եք)
  • What's up = Inch ca chca (ի՞նչ կա չկա)
  • Please = Xndrem (խնդրեմ)
  • Thank you = Šnorhakal em (շնորհակալ եմ)
  • Thank you very much = Šat šnorhakal em (շատ շնորհակալ եմ)
  • Welcome = Bari galowst (բարի գալուստ)
  • Goodbye = C'tesowt'iown (ցտեսություն)
  • Good morning = Bari lowys (բարի լույս)
  • Good afternoon = Bari òr (բարի օր)
  • Good evening = Bari ereko (բարի երեկո)
  • Good night = Bari gišer (բարի գիշեր)
  • I love you = Es sirowm em k'ez (ես սիրում եմ քեզ)
  • I am Armenian = Es hay em (Ես Հայ եմ)

English - Western Armenian

  • Yes = Ayo (այո)
  • No = Oč (ոչ)
  • Excuse me = Neroġowt'iown (ներողութիւն)
  • Hello = Parev (բարեւ)
  • Please = Xntrem (խնդրեմ)
  • Thank you = Šnorhagal em (շնորհակալ եմ)
  • Thank you very much = Šad šnorhagal em (շատ շնորհակալ եմ)
  • Welcome = Pari egar / Pari egak (բարի եկար / բարի եկաք)
  • Goodbye = C'desowt'iown (ցտեսութիւն)
  • Good morning = Pari lowys (բարի լոյս)
  • Good afternoon = Pari òr (բարի օր)
  • Good evening = Parirgown / Pari irigown (բարի իրկուն / բարի իրիկուն)
  • Good night = Kišer pari (գիշեր բարի)

Historical Armenian dialects

In 1909, linguist Herachyah Adjarian surveyed many of the Armenian dialects in what is now present day Turkey, Armenia, Georgia, Iran, and other surrounding countries settled by Armenians. Unlike the traditional dialect division of Armenian into western and eastern dialects, Adjarian divided Armenian into three main dialects based on which indicative particles are used. He labeled them as the -owm dialects, gë dialects, and -el dialects. These three major dialects were further divided in sub-dialects.

-owm Dialects:

  • 1. Yerevan, Doğubeyazit, Tabriz (Kala and Lilava quarters), Gavar, Kamo
  • 2. Tbilisi (Havlabar quarter)
  • 3. Shusha, Ganja, Shaki, Baku, Derbent, Agstafa, Dilijan, Vanadzor, Qazakh, Lori, Karadagh, Mujumbar, Tabriz (Lilava quarter), Burdur, Ödemiş
  • 4. Shamaki, Quba
  • 5. Astrakhan
  • 6. Julfa, Isfahan (New Julfa quarter), Shiraz, Hamadan, Bushehr, Tehran, Qazvin, Rasht, Bandar-e Anzali
  • 7. Aşağı Əylis, Çǝnǝnǝb, Yuxarı Əylis, Yuxarı Əndǝli, Danagyrt, Urmis, Dasta, Kyalaki

gë Dialects:

  • 1. Erzerum, Kars, Gyumri, Akhalkalaki, Akhaltsikhe
  • 2. Muş, Sason, Bitlis, Hizan, Ahlat, Erciş, Bulanık, Malazgirt, Hinis, Eleşkirt, Aparan, Eshtia, Ujmana, Toria, Martuni
  • 3. Van, Diadin, Mukus, Buşkale, Çatak, Basargecher
  • 4. Diyarbakır, Lice, Hazro, Kozluk, Hizan, Siverek, Şanlıurfa
  • 5. Elazığ, Erzincan, Palu, Bingöl, Çemişgezek, Akpazar, Kigi, Tunceli, Kemah
  • 6. Şebinkarahisar, Akıncılar
  • 7. Trabzon, Bayburt, Gümüşhane, Giresun
  • 8. Hemşin, Trabzon, Ünye, Fatsa, Terme, Çarşamba, Samsun, Sukhumi, Sochi, Mtsara, Tsebelda, Adler, Shapsugskaya
  • 9. Malatya, Adıyaman
  • 10. Saimbeyli, Süleymanlı, Kahramanmaraş, Kilis, İskenderun, Yakacik, Samandağ
  • 11. Aramo
  • 12. Arapgir, Divriği, Gürün, Darende, Kayseri, Yozgat
  • 13. Kemaliye
  • 14. Sivas
  • 15. Tokat, Amasya, Merzifon, Ordu, Samsun, Sinop
  • 16. İzmir
  • 17. İzmit, Adapazarı, Yalova, Bahçecik, Geyve, İznik, Pazarköy, Karamürsel, Aslanbey, Ortaköy, Sölöz, Benli
  • 18. Istanbul
  • 19. Tekirdağ, Malkara
  • 20. Nor Nakhichevan, Rostov-on-Don, Stavropol, Krasnodar, Dnipropetrovsk, Anapa, Maykop, Taganrog, Prymorsk, Novocherkassk, Dneprovskaya
  • 21. Poland, Bukovina, Transylvania, Hungary
  • 22. Jerusalem (K'aġak'ac'i dialect), not in Adjarian but mentioned by Vaux as likely coming from Cilicia

-el Dialects:

  • 1. Maragheh
  • 2. Khoy, Maku, Iğdir, Kori, Alighuli, Mughanjugh, Karashen, Alilu, Angeghakot, Ghushchi, Tazakend, Uz, Mazra, Balak, Shaghat, Ltsen, Sisian, Nerkin Kilisa
  • 3. Artvin, Ardahan, Ardanuç, Oltu

Words borrowed from other languages

  • պակա (paka) -- "Goodbye" from Russian пока
  • եմիշ (emiš) -- "melon" from Turkish yemiş
  • ալլո (allo) -- "Hello" on the phone, from French allô and many other languages
  • մերսի (mersi) -- sometimes said as "thank you", from French merci

These are just a sample of the words that are borrowed from other languages. Especially in Eastern Armenian there are many borrowed Russian words because of Armenia being under the Soviet Union a long period of time. This caused the Russian language to gain influence on the Armenian language. When you drive around Yerevan today you will still recognize many Russian influences in the country like a sign of gas will be in Russian "газ" (gaz).

Indo-European linguistic comparison

Armenian is an Indo-European language, and so many of its Proto-Indo-European-descended words are cognates of words in other Indo-European languages such as English, Latin, Greek, and Sanskrit. This table lists only some of the more recognizable cognates that Armenian shares with English (more specifically, with English words descended from the Old English(Anglo-Saxon) language). (Source: Online Etymology Dictionary.[6])

Armenian English Latin Classical and Hellenistic Greek Sanskrit PIE
mayr "mother" mother (< OE mōdor) māter "mother" mētēr "mother" mātṛ "mother" *máH₂ter- "mother"
hayr "father" father (< OE fæder) pater "father" patēr "father" pitṛ "father" *pH₂tér- "father"
eġbayr "brother" brother (< OE brōþor[7]) frāter "brother" phrātēr "brother" bhrātṛ "brother" *bʰráH₂ter- "brother"
dowstr "daughter" daughter (< OE dohtor) futrei[8] "daughter" thugatēr "daughter" duhitṛ "daughter" *dʰugH₂-tér- "daughter"
kin "woman" queen (< OE cƿēn[9] "queen, woman, wife") gunē "a woman, a wife" gnā/jani "woman" *gʷén-eH₂- "woman, wife"
im "my" my, mine (< OE min) mei "my" emeo "my" mama "my" *mene- "my, mine"
anown "name" name (< OE nama) nōmen "name" onoma "name" nāman "name" *H₁noH₃m-n̥- "name"
owt' "8" eight (< OE eahta) octō "eight" oktō "eight" aṣṭa "eight" *H₁oḱtō(u) "eight"
inë "9" nine (< OE nigon) novem "nine" ennea "nine" nava "nine" *(H₁)néwn̥ "nine"
tas "10" ten (< OE tien) (< P.Gmc. *tekhan) decem "ten" deka "ten" daśa "ten" *déḱm̥ "ten"
ačk' "eye" eye (< OE ēge) oculus "eye" ophthalmos "eye" akṣan "eye" *H₃okʷ- "to see"
armownk "elbow" arm (< OE earm "joined body parts below shoulder") armus "shoulder" arthron "a joint" īrma "arm" *H₁ar-mo- "fit, join (that which is fitted together)"
çownk[10] "knee" knee (< OE cnēo) genū, "knee" gonu "knee" jānu "knee" *ǵénu- "knee"
otk' "foot" foot (< OE fōt) pedis "foot" podi "foot" pāda "foot" *pod-, *ped- "foot"
sirt "heart" heart (< OE heorte) cor "heart" kardia "heart" hṛdaya "heart" *ḱerd- "heart"
kaši "skin" hide (< OE hȳdan "animal skin cover") cutis "skin" keuthō "to cover, to hide" kuṭīra "hut" *keu- "to cover, conceal"
mowk "mouse" mouse (< OE mūs) mūs "mouse" mus "mouse" mūṣ "mouse" *muH₁s- "mouse, small rodent"
kov "cow" cow (< OE ) bum[11] "cow" bous "cow" go "cow" *gʷou- "cow"
šown "hound" hound (< OE hund "hound, dog") canis "hound, dog" (canine) kuōn "hound, dog" śvan "dog" *ḱwon- "hound, dog"
tari "year" year (< OE gēar) hōrnus "of this year" ōra "year" yare[12] "year" *yeH₁r- "year"
amis "month" moon, month (< OE mōnaþ[7]) mēnsis "month" mēn "moon, month" māsa "moon, month" *meH₁ns- "moon, month"
amaṙ "summer" summer (< OE sumor) samā "season" *sem- "hot season of the year"
ǰerm "warm" burn (< OE beornan) formus "warm" thermos "warm" gharma "heat" *gʷʰerm- "warm"
lowys "light" light (< OE lēoht "brightness") lucere, lux, lucidus "to shine, light, clear" leukos "bright, shining, white" roca "shining" *leuk- "light, brightness"
howr "flame" fire (< OE fȳr) pir[11] "fire" pur "fire" pu "fire" *péH₂wr̥- "fire"
heṙow "far" far (< OE feor "to a great distance") per "through" pera "beyond" paras "beyond" *per- "through, across, beyond"
helowm "I pour" flow (< OE flōƿan[9]) pluĕre "to rain" plenō "to wash" plu "to swim" *pleu- "flow, float"
owtem "I eat" eat (< OE etan) edulis "edible" edō "I eat" admi "I eat" *ed- "to eat"
gitem "I know" wit (< OE ƿit[9], ƿitan[9] "intelligence, to know") vidēre "to see" idei "I know" vid "to know" *weid- "to know, to see"
get "river" water (< OE ƿæter[9]) utur[11] "water" hudōr "water" udan "water" (*wodor, *wedor, *uder-) from *wed- "water"
gorç[10] "work " work (< OE ƿeorc[9]) urgēre "push, drive" ergon "work" varcas "activity" *werǵ- "to work"
meç[10] "great " much (< OE mycel "great, big, many") magnus "great" megas "great, large" mahant "great" *meǵ- "great"
ançanot'[10] "stranger, unfamiliar" unknown (< OE uncnaƿen[9]) ignōtus[13], ignōrāntem[13] "unknown, ignorant" agnōstos[13] "unknown" ajñāta[13] "unfamiliar" *n- + *ǵneH₃- "not" + "to know"
meṙaç "dead" murder (< OE morþor[7]) mortalis "mortal" ambrotos "immortal" mṛta "dead" *mrtro-, from (*mor-, *mr-) "to die"
mēǰteġ "middle" mid, middle (< OE mid, middel) medius "middle" mesos "middle" madhya "middle" *medʰyo- from *me- "mid, middle"
ayl "other" else (< OE elles "other, otherwise, different") alius, alienus "other, another" allos "other, another" anya "other" *al- "beyond, other"
nor "new" new (< OE nīƿe[9]) novus "new" neos "new" nava "new" *néwo- "new"
dowṙ "door" door (< OE dor, duru) fores "door" thura "door" dvār "door" *dʰwer- "door, doorway, gate"
town "house" timber (< OE timber "trees used for building material, structure") domus "house" domos "house" dama "house" *domo-, *domu- "house"
berri, berel "fertile, carry" bear (< OE beran "give birth, carry") ferre, fertilis "to bear, fertile" pherein "to carry" bharati "carry" *bʰer- "to bear, to carry"

See also

Footnotes

  1. ^ Crystal, David : The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language
  2. ^ Armenian language - Britannica Online Encyclopedia
  3. ^ Learn Armenian, Armenian Windows, Armenian Office, Armenian Software, Armenian Dictionary, Armenian Translation, Armenian Keyboards, Armenian Tutorials, Armenian Phrase Books, Armenian Spell Checking
  4. ^ Nicholas Wade, "Biological dig for the roots of language," International Herald Tribune, (March 18, 2004) 10; Gray & Atkinson, "Anatolian Theory of Indo-European origin," 437.
  5. ^ Austin, William M. (Jan. - Mar., 1942). "Is Armenian an Anatolian Language?:Language, Vol. 18, No. 1". Language 18: 22–25. Linguistic Society of America. doi:10.2307/409074. 
  6. ^ Online Etymology Dictionary. etymonline.com. Retrieved on 2007-06-07.
  7. ^ a b c The letter 'þ' was used in the Old English alphabet, and it was eventually replaced by the letters "th".
  8. ^ The word "futrei" (daughter) in the Latin column is actually from an Italic sister language called Oscan.
  9. ^ a b c d e f g h The letter 'ƿ' was used in the Old English alphabet to represent the sound /w/, which was eventually replaced by the letter "w".
  10. ^ a b c d The letter 'ç' is pronounced like the consonant cluster "ts", and in the Armenian words "çownk", "gorç", "meç", and "ançanot'", it corresponds to the PIE *g.
  11. ^ a b c The words "bum" (cow), "pir" (fire) and "utur" (water) in the Latin column are actually from an Italic sister language called Umbrian.
  12. ^ The word "yare" (year) in the Sanskrit column is actually from an Indo-Iranian sister language called Avestan.
  13. ^ a b c d The prefixes for "not" in Latin are "in-" and "i-", and "an-" and "a-" in Greek and Sanskrit, which correspond to the PIE *n-.

References

  • Adjarian, Herchyah H. (1909) Classification des dialectes arméniens, par H. Adjarian. Paris: Honoro Champion.
  • Clackson, James. 1994. The Linguistic Relationship Between Armenian and Greek. London: Publications of the Philological Society, No 30. (and Oxford: Blackwell Publishing)
  • Fortson, Benjamin W. (2004) Indo-European Language and Culture. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.
  • Hübschmann, Heinrich (1875) "Über die Stellung des armenischen im Kreise der indogermanischen Sprachen," Zeitschrift für Vergleichende Sprachforschung 23.5-42. English translation
  • Mallory, J. P. (1989) In Search of the Indo-Europeans: Language, Archaeology and Myth. London: Thames & Hudson.
  • Vaux, Bert. 1998. The Phonology of Armenian. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
  • Vaux, Bert. 2002. "The Armenian dialect of Jeruslame." in Armenians in the Holy Land. "Louvain: Peters.

External links

Find more about Armenian language on Wikipedia's sister projects:
Dictionary definitions
Textbooks
Quotations
Source texts
Images and media
News stories
Learning resources
Wikipedia
Armenian language edition of Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Wiktionary
Armenian language edition of Wiktionary, the free dictionary/thesaurus
Wikisource