Armatus

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Flavius Armatus[1] (d. 477) was a Byzantine military commander, magister militum under Emperors Leo I, Basiliscus and Zeno, and consul. He was instrumental in the rebellion of Basiliscus against Zeno, and in his subsequent fall.

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[edit] Origin and early career

Armatus was a nephew of Basiliscus and of Empress Verina, the wife of Leo I. It is known that Armatus had a son, also named Basiliscus. During the last part of Emperor Leo's reign, Armatus, as magister militum per Thracias, successfully quelled a revolt in Thrace, cutting off the hands of the Thracian prisoners and sending them to the rebels. It is possible that the rebels were men of the Thracian Goth Theodoric Strabo, a military commander under Leo, and hence this revolt would have been the one started by Strabo between the death of Aspar (471) and the end of Leo's rule (473).[2][3]

[edit] Rise of Basiliscus

Solidus issued by Basiliscus during his short reign. Armatus supported his relative Basiliscus in his revolt against Emperor Zeno.
Solidus issued by Basiliscus during his short reign. Armatus supported his relative Basiliscus in his revolt against Emperor Zeno.

Armatus supported the rebellion of Basiliscus in 475, probably gaining also the support of Verina, who was the mother-in-law of deposed Emperor Zeno, for the rebels. During the short reign of Basiliscus, Armatus exercised noteworthy influence on both the emperor and his wife and Augusta Zenonis. There were rumours about a relationship between Armatus and Zenonis. Zenonis convinced Basiliscus to appoint Armatus to the office of magister militum praesentialis. Armatus was also awarded the consulship of 476, together with Basiliscus.[4][3]

Armatus was a sort of dandy, who was interested only in his own hair and other body training, and Theodoric Strabo despised him for this reason. Strabo, therefore, grew unsatisfied with Basiliscus, whom he had helped in his uprising against Zeno, because he had given the title of magister militum praesentialis, a rank as high as Strabo's own, to such a man.[4][3]

After the honours and wealth received by his uncle Basiliscus, Armatus thought of himself as the bravest of the men, dressing as Achilles and parading around his house near the Hippodrome.[5] During his wandering, the people called him "Pyrrus",[6] either because he was of reddish complexion or because they were teasing him.[4][3]

[edit] Fall of Basiliscus and Armatus' death

Tremissis issued by Emperor Zeno after he had regained his throne. Armatus was the commander of the army sent by Basiliscus to counter Zeno's advance, but accepted a bribe by the former emperor and betrayed his uncle.
Tremissis issued by Emperor Zeno after he had regained his throne. Armatus was the commander of the army sent by Basiliscus to counter Zeno's advance, but accepted a bribe by the former emperor and betrayed his uncle.

In the summer of 476, Zeno moved from Isauria to regain his throne, and bribed both the Basiliscus' generals Illus and Throcondus to join him. Basiliscus gathered all of the troops from Thracia, the city of Constantinople and even the palace guard, and, after binding Armatus with a loyalty oath, sent them to meet and defeat Zeno. When Armatus met Zeno, however, he was bribed into joining the Isaurian emperor, with the promise of the appointment of the title of magister militum praesentalis for life, the awarding of Armatus' son, Basiliscus, of the title of caesar, and of the qualification as heir to Zeno.[3]

After his restoration, Zeno fulfilled his promises, letting Armatus keep his title of magister militum praesentalis (possibly even raising him to the rank of patricius) and appointing his son Basiliscus Caesar in Nicaea. In 477, however, the Isaurian Zeno changed his mind, probably by instigation of Illus, an Isaurian general who had helped Basiliscus' rise and later changed sides to Zeno, and who would have gained by the fall of Armatus. Armatus was killed by order of Zeno. The murderer was Armatus' own friend Onoulphus,[7] who, as a poor barbarian, had been welcomed by Armatus, then made comes, then commander of Illyricum; Armatus even lent him a great deal of money to pay for a banquet. The citizens of Constantinople rejoiced after his death. Zeno confiscated all of the properties of Armatus, deposed his son Basiliscus, and had him ordained priest.[3][8][2]

[edit] Relationship between Armatus and Odoacer

Coin issued by Odoacer in the name of Zeno.
Coin issued by Odoacer in the name of Zeno.

A recent publication by Stephan Krautschick has opened the study of Armatus' life to new interpretations, in particular the relationship between Armatus and Basiliscus' family and Odoacer, chieftain of the Heruli and later King of Italy. According to Krautschick, as well as to other subsequent scholars,[9] Armatus was brother of Onoulphus and Odoacer, so that the leader of the Heruli was also nephew of Basiliscus and Verina. In particular, this interpretation sheds light on why Armatus was so keen to help Onoulphus, and that it was his own brother that killed him.[10]

The link between Armatus, Odoacer and Onoulphus is a fragment by John of Antioch (209.1), in which Onoulphus is stated to be the murderer and the brother of Armatus. Before the work of Krautschick, and also according to other scholars, the reading was emended to read that "Odoacer was the brother of the Onoulphus who killed Armatus". This amendment made the fragment of John compatible with the accounts of other historians, since neither John Malalas nor Malchus make any reference to the fact that Armatus was killed by his own brother, and no reference is made to a blood relationship between Odoacer and Basiliscus.[11]

[edit] Notes

  1. ^ Also Harmatus and Harmatius; Greek: Ἁρμάτιος, Armatios, and Ἁρμάτος, Armatos
  2. ^ a b Suda, s.v. Ἁρμάτιος.
  3. ^ a b c d e f Martindale.
  4. ^ a b c Suda, s.v. Ἁρμάτος.
  5. ^ The Hippodrome was in the central part of the city. The imperial palace was directly connected to it.
  6. ^ Pyrrus means "red like the fire", and was the name of Achilles' son, Neoptolemus.
  7. ^ Macgeorge reports also the alternative spelligs Onoulf, Unulf, and Hunulf.
  8. ^ Evagrius Scholasticus, Historia Ecclesiae, 3.xxiv. Evagrius reports that Basiliscus, the son of Armatus, later became bishop of Cyzicus.
  9. ^ Demandt and later Armory.
  10. ^ Armory. The scholars accepting this interpretation claim that Basiliscus would have been of barbarian origin, but took a Latinized name to mark his (possible) conversion from Arianism, an act necessary to set a serious bid for the throne. The necessity to erase any reference to their barbarian origin in order to become emperor is attested also for other figures: apart the Isaurian Tarasicodissa, who changed his name the more Greek Zeno, the son of the Alan Magister militum Aspar was called Iulius Patricius, with a Latinized name, and Aspar was able to have Leo I elevate him to the rank of caesar in 470; However, Aspar was obliged also to promise the conversion of his son to Catholicism before his elevation. Also, the almost contemporary revolts of Odoacer in Italy and Basiliscus in Constantinople (475) would acquire a meaning in this new light.
  11. ^ Macgeorge.

[edit] References

[edit] Primary sources

[edit] Secondary sources

  • Armory, Patrick (1997). People and Identity in Ostrogothic Italy, 489-554. Cambridge University Press, pp. 282-283. ISBN 0-521-52635-3. 
  • Demandt, A. (1989). Die Spätantike: römische Geschichte von Diocletian bis Justinian 284-565 n. Chr., p. 178. 
  • Krautschick, Stephan (1986). "Zwei Aspekte des Jahres 476". Historia (35): pp. 344–371. 
  • Macgeorge, Penny (2003). Late Roman Warlords. Oxford University Press, pp. 284-285. ISBN 0-19-925244-0. 
  • Martindale, J.R. (1980). The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire. Cambridge University Press, pp. 148-149. ISBN 0-521-20159-4. 
Preceded by
Imp. Caesar Flavius Zeno Augustus II,
Post consulatum Leonis Augusti (East)		 Consul of the Roman Empire
476
with Imp. Caesar Flavius Basiliscus Augustus II		 Succeeded by
Post consulatum Basilisci Augusti II et Armati
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