User:Arkuat/Taxonomy

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Please browse the many articles that our Wikipedia has about the various taxa of living organisms!

The sorting order of these lists tries to follow the principle of most-familiar-first. Whenever a list of obscure taxa needs to be sorted, we try to follow the principle of listing the taxa in order of first published description. This last principle can be tricky too, and since we don't have access to all the relevant information about dates of first public description, many of the sublists in this outline are in semirandom order.

The names of phyla and divisions (equivalent taxonomical levels reflecting differences of nomenclature between zoologists and botanists) are in bold text.

1 Domain Eucarya
2 Domain Bacteria
3 Domain Archaea
4 Viruses (not alive, i. e. ametabolic, but evolving anyway)
5 See also

[edit] Domain Eucarya

The eukaryote regna are sorted this way to reflect the idea that animals and fungi are closely related to the opisthokont group of protists, and the plants are related to another group of protists. Protists are the paraphyletic subtaxon of eukaryotes. So yes, plants are much more familiar than protists and were discovered earlier.

[edit] Regnum Animalia

[edit] Deuterostomes

Chordata (Subphylum Vertebrata of this phylum is divided into eleven or twelve classes, and there are also some other subphyla of chordates.)
- Mammalia
- Aves (birds, but see below)
- Sauropsida (Reptiles are a paraphyletic group. See also ichthyosaur.)
  - Testudines (turtles, tortoises, and terrapins)
  - Sauropterygia (plesiosaurs et al., extinct. Note: many other extinct groups not listed here.)
  - Lepidosauria
    - Squamata (lizards, snakes, and amphisbaenians)
    - Sphenodontia (tuataras)
  - Archosauria
    - Crurotarsi (crocodilians and others)
    - Ornithodira (dinosaurs (including birds), pterosaurs etc.)
- Amphibia
  - Anura (frogs and toads)
  - Caudata AKA Urodela (salamanders and newts)
  - Gymnophiona AKA Apoda (caecilians)
- Actinopterygii (ray-finned fishes, one kind of bony fish)
  - Teleostei, the typical vertebrates (20,000 species extant, and far and away the most vertebrate biomass)
  - Chondrostei, e. g. sturgeons etc.
  - Holostei, e. g. gars and bowfins
- Dipnoi (lungfishes, one kind of lobe-finned fish)
- Actinistia (coelacanths, the other kind of lobe-finned fish)
- Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fishes with jaws)
  - Elasmobranchs (sharks, skates, rays, etc)
  - Holocephali (chimaeras)
- Placodermi (extinct)
- Acanthodii (extinct)
- Petromyzontida (lampreys are tasty)
- Myxini (hagfishes, oft accused of being a craniate but invertebrate class)
- Urochordata - tunicates (AKA sea squirts), an invertebrate subphylum
- Cephalochordata - lancelets (AKA amphioxus), an invertebrate subphylum
Echinodermata (one kind of ambulacrarian)
- Asteroidea (sea stars and sea daisies)
- Echinoidea (sea urchins, sand dollars)
- Holothuroidea (sea cucumbers)
- Ophiuroidea (brittle stars, basket stars)
- Crinoidea (sea lilies, feather stars)
Hemichordata (also ambulacrarian: acorn worms, pterobranchs, and possibly graptolites)
Whatever happened to Xenoturbella?
Chaetognatha (arrow worms, possibly protostome and ecdysozoan)

[edit] Ecdysozoans

Arthropoda
- Subphylum Hexapoda
  - Insecta (an extremely numerous and important class that I'm constantly tempted to add the orders thereof here. Instead, learn about the subclasses and orders of insects yourself directly (follow that last link), so I don't need to make this list any more cluttered than it already is.)
  - Entognatha (springtails, diplurans, and proturans)
- Subphylum Crustacea
  - Malacostraca (decapods, isopods, amphipods, etc.)
  - Branchiopoda (sea-monkeys, brine shrimp, etc)
  - Ostracoda
  - Remipedia
  - Cephalocarida
  - Maxillopoda
    - Thecostraca (barnacles etc.)
    - Copepoda
    - Mystacocarida
    - Branchiura
    - Tantulocarida
- Subphylum Chelicerata
  - Arachnida (spiders, scorpions, harvestmen, ticks, mites, etc.)
  - Xiphosura (horseshoe crabs)
  - Pycnogonida (sea spiders, possibly not chelicerate)
  - Eurypterida (extinct like the trilobites)
- Subphylum Myriapoda
  - Chilopoda (centipedes)
  - Diplopoda (millipedes)
  - Pauropoda
  - Symphyla
- Subphylum Trilobita (extinct)
Tardigrada (water bears, grouped as panarthropoda)
Onychophora (velvet worms, also grouped as panarthropoda)
Nematoda (the nearly ubiquitous roundworms)
- Adenophorea
- Secernentea
Nematomorpha (horsehair worms)
Scalidophora (see Markuelia)
- Priapulida (penis worms)
- Kinorhyncha (mud dragons)
- Loricifera

[edit] Lophotrochozoans

Trochozoa
- Mollusca are divided into eight classes
  - Cephalopoda (squids, octopuses, etc.)
  - Bivalvia (pelecypods)
  - Gastropoda (snails, slugs, abalones, limpets, cowries, conches, etc.)
  - Polyplacophora (chitons)
  - Monoplacophora
  - Aplacophora
  - Scaphopoda (tusk shells)
  - Caudofoveata
- Annelida
  - Polychaeta (probably paraphyletic)
  - Clitellata
    - Hirudinea (leeches)
    - Oligochaeta (earthworms, etc)
  - Myzostomida
- Sipuncula (peanut worms)
- Nemertea (ribbon worms)
Lophophorata
- Brachiopoda (lamp shells, including the famous Lingula)
- Bryozoa (moss animals)
- Phoronida (horseshoe worms)
- Entoprocta (goblet worms)

[edit] Platyzoans

Platyhelminthes (flatworms)
Rotifera (rotifers)
- Seisonoidea
- Bdelloidea, magnificently mysterious parthenogenetics.
- Monogononta
Gastrotricha
Acanthocephala
Gnathostomulida (jaw worms)
Micrognathozoa
Cycliophora

[edit] Other bilaterian phyla

Acoelomorpha (formerly thought to be part of Platyhelminthes)
Orthonectida (formerly thought to be Mesozoa or Agnotozoa)
Rhombozoa (formerly thought to be Mesozoa or Agnotozoa)
Myxozoa

[edit] Non-bilaterian animal phyla

Ctenophora (comb jellies, closer to bilateria than cnidaria?)
Cnidaria (corals, jellyfish, etc)
- Anthozoa - Corals and sea anemones
- Cubozoa - Sea wasps or box jellyfish
- Hydrozoa - Hydroids, hydra-like animals
- Scyphozoa - Jellyfish
Porifera (sponges, see also choanoflagellate)
- Calcarea
- Silicarea
Placozoa

[edit] Regnum Fungi

(see also: lichen) no subregnum, superdivision, or superphylum structure

Basidiomycota (mushrooms, etc.)
Ascomycota (yeasts, morels, truffles, Penicillium, etc.)
Zygomycota (mycorrhizal fungi, etc.)
Glomeromycota (these fungi form arbuscular mycorrhizae)
Chytridiomycota (once thought to be protists)

[edit] Regnum Protista

(Soon to be many regna. See also: eukaryote.)

bikonts:

Chromalveolata (nominated for fifth regnum of eucaryota)
- Heterokontophyta - stramenopiles, such as kelp, diatoms, chrysophyta, oomycota, etc.
- Haptophyta (whence the coccoliths of Cretaceous chalks)
- Cryptophyta (cryptomonads)
- Alveolates
  - Ciliophora such as Paramecium
  - Dinoflagellata
  - Apicomplexa - sporozoans such as the malaria-causing Plasmodium
Archaeplastida (some lumpers include all Regnum Plantae within this group, others lumpers put this group into Corticata with the chromalveolates)
- Green algae: Chlorophyta, Charophyta
- Rhodophyta (red algae)
- Glaucophyta?
Excavates (including such as Acrasiomycota)
- Euglenozoa such as Euglena, Trypanosoma
- Percolozoa
- Metamonada such as Giardia, Trichomonas; these lack mitochondria.
Rhizaria - mostly amoeboids (but not Amoebozoa, see below), many with interesting shells.
- Radiolaria
- Foraminifera
- Cercozoa
Apusozoa

and unikonts:

Choanozoa - These are opisthokonts like the most recent common ancestor of animals and fungi.
Amoebozoa includes some slime molds, some heliozoans, Amoeba of course, and others.
Centrohelida - possibly bikont and rhizarian?
Many others; classification varies

[edit] Regnum Plantae

Seed plants (spermatophytes, all of which are also both tracheophytes and embryophytes).
- Angiospermae AKA Anthophyta (Angiosperm phylogeny gives me a headache, but these are our most familiar land-plant friends: trees, shrubs, vines, forbs, grasses, and all.)
  - Class monocots produce all the rice and bread you eat, as well as orchids, palms, seagrasses, and culinary Allium. Includes 10 orders and several isolated families.
  - Subphylum/subdivision eudicots include non-core eudicots such as Ranunculales, Sabiales, Proteales, etc., and
    - Superclass core eudicots, which include Caryophyllales, Santalales, Saxifragales, Vitales, etc., and both
      - Class (?) rosids (a subgroup of core eudicots which includes Fabales, Rosales, Cucurbitales, Brassicales, and a dozen other orders),
      - and Class (?) asterids (a subgroup of core eudicots which includes Ericales, Solanales, Lamiales, Asterales and half a dozen other orders).
  - Class magnoliids include Laurales, Magnoliales, Piperales, etc.
  - non-magnoliid palaeodicots (various classes, paraphyletic), including water lilies, Amborella, Ceratophyllum, and others
- Gymnosperms
  - Coniferae AKA Pinophyta (conifers, a kind of phanerogamous gymnosperms) have a more staid and spartan phylogeny than the angiosperms.
    - the following families are all in class Pinopsida, order Pinales
      - Pinaceae (pines, spruces; larches, doug-firs; firs, cedars, hemlocks)
      - Cupressaceae (cypresses, junipers, thujas, redwoods, sequoias, etc)
      - Taxaceae (yews)
      - Cephalotaxaceae (Torreya, Amentotaxus, Cephalotaxus)
      - Araucariaceae (Agathis, Araucaria, Wollemia)
      - Podocarpaceae (mainly southern hemisphere)
      - Sciadopityaceae (one species endemic to Japan)
  - Cycadophyta
  - Ginkgophyta
  - Gnetophyta (Gnetum, Welwitschia, Ephedra)
  - Pteridospermatophyta (extinct, seed ferns, phanerogams unlike other ferns)
Cryptogamous tracheophytes (ferns and their allies)
- Pteridophyta ("true" ferns, horsetails, whisk ferns, Ophioglossum)
- Lycopodiophyta (clubmosses)
Non-vascular embryophytes (that is, bryophytes or cryptogams which are not tracheophytes)
- Bryophyta (mosses)
- Marchantiophyta (liverworts)
- Anthocerophyta (hornworts)
Plants that are protists (also cryptogams, but these are not embryophytes: see Archaeplastida).
- Green algae AKA Chlorophyta, Charophyta
- Rhodophyta (red algae)
- Glaucophyta

[edit] Domain Bacteria

Taxonomic level of following groups is in flux: formerly considered phyla (or divisions), some of them are in the process of being promoted to kingdoms.
- Cyanobacteria (the green bacteria -- so-called "blue-green algae" -- first photosynthesizers, sharing most recent common ancestor with eukaryotic chloroplasts)
- Firmicutes
- Actinobacteria
- Spirochaetes
- Chlamydiae
- Proteobacteria (Five grades, each of which may well be a phylum unto itself.)
  - Alpha Proteobacteria, including rhizobia and rickettsia, and sharing most recent common ancestor with eukaryotic mitochondria
  - Beta Proteobacteria, including some other nitrogen-fixing bacteria
  - Gamma Proteobacteria, including Escherichia coli
  - Delta Proteobacteria
  - Epsilon Proteobacteria
- Aquificae
- Bacteroidetes/Chlorobi
- Verrucomicrobia (Lentisphaerae?)
- Chloroflexi
- Chrysiogenetes
- Deferribacteraceae
- Fibrobacteres/Acidobacteria
- Fusobacteria
- Gemmatimonadetes
- Nitrospirae
- Planctomycetes
- Deinococcus-Thermus (Taq polymerase, an enzyme from this group, is used to do PCR)
- Thermodesulfobacteria
- Thermomicrobia
- Thermotogae
- Dictyoglomi
- Omnibacteria