Archbishop of St Andrews

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The Bishop of St. Andrews (Scottish Gaelic: Easbaig Chill Rìmhinn) was the ecclesiastical head of the Diocese and then, as Archbishop of St Andrews (Scottish Gaelic: Àrd-easbaig Chill Rìmhinn), the Archdiocese of St. Andrews.

The name St Andrews is not the town or church's original name. Originally it was Cellrígmonaid ("church of the king's mounth" hence Cill Rìmhinn) located at Cennrígmonaid ("head of the king's mounth"); hence the town became Kilrymont (i.e. Cellrígmonaid) in the non-Gaelic orthography of the High Middle Ages). Today St Andrews has replaced both Kilrymont (and variants) as well as the older English term Anderston as the name of the town and bishopric.

The bishopric itself originates in the period 700-900, and is the best attested bishopric in Scottish history. By the 11th century, it is clear that it is the most important bishopric in Scotland.

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[edit] List of known abbots

There had been a monastery there since the 8th century. It was probably taken over by Céli Dé monks in the 9th or 10th centuries, and these survive into the 14th century. It is the Gaelic abbey, rather than the continental priory, that the abbot was in charge of; the importance of the Céli Dé abbey has come down into the modern era in the street names of St. Andrews.

Only a few abbots are known. It is often thought that the position of Abbot and Bishop were the same until the Norman era, although that can never be proved for certain.

Dates Incumbent Notes
d. 747 Túathalán His obit. in the Annals of Ulster, s.a. 747, constitutes our first literary evidence of any religious establishment at St. Andrews (then called by the Scoto-Pictish name Cennrigmonaid).
Unknown number of unnamed abbots It is probably that all the bishops before Fothad II, and perhaps before Turgot, were also abbots of the Céli Dé community.
fl. 1172x1178 Gille Críst That he is called "abbot" is the proof that the Céli Dé community were maintaining their independence from the priory in the period.

[edit] List of known bishops

It may be misleading to see "St Andrews" as the see of the earliest known later as bishops of St Andrews. Rather, it is likely that the "bishop of the Scots" may have been the only bishop in Scotland with no fixed seat, though many abbots there certainly were all over Scotland.

Dates Incumbent Notes
fl. 878x889-906x Cellach I Was bishop during the reign of Giric, and was still bishop in 906.
d. 963 Fothad I We know he was bishop during the reign of King Idulb. The Chronicle of the Kings of Alba has his death in the period 962x966, and according to the Annals of the Four Masters, he died in 963.
bp. 955/6-963/4 ? Máel Ísu I Bower claims he reigned as bishop for eight years.
fl. 966x971 Cellach II Bower claims he reigned as bishop for twenty-five years.
fl. late-900s Máel Muire
fl. late 900s/early 1000s Máel Ísu II
fl. early 1000s Ailín
d. 1055 Máel Dúin The Annals of Tigernach place his death at 1055.
1055-59 Túathal The Annals of Tigernach place his predecessor's death at 1055, and Bower tells us he was bishop for 4 years, which makes a bishopric of 1055-59 likely, although it is possible that he did not succeed immediately.
1059?-1093 Fothad II He performed the marriage of King Máel Coluim III to Margaret (c. 1070), and according to the Annals of Ulster, died in 1093.
1093 x 1107 Giric He appears in Version-A of the St. Andrews Foundation Legend. He is almost certainly mentioned by Bower as Gregorius.
1093 x 1107 Cathróe He is one of 4 bishops-elect listed by Walter Bower (that is, Giric, Cathróe, Eadmer and Godric). As with the other 3, Bower is our only source. As the list is in chronological order, only Cathróe can have been bishop elect before Turgot, Eadmer being bishop-elect in 1120, after the death of Turgot.
1107-1115 Turgot
1120-1121 Eadmer Never consecrated.
1123 x 1124-1159 Robert Previously Prior of Scone.
1160-1162 Ernald Abbot Waltheof of Melrose was offered the position before Ernald, but refused it.
1163-1178 Richard
1178-1188 John Opposed by Bishop Hugh and the king. Never took possession of the see.
1178-1188 Hugh Opposed by John.
1189-1202 Roger de Beaumont
post. 1202 Galfred de Liberatione Was Bishop of Dunkeld; his postulation was rejected by the Pope, and he remained bishop of Dunkeld.
1202-1238 William de Malveisin Previously Bishop of Glasgow.
1239-1253 David de Bernham
el. 1253 Robert de Stuteville Not consecrated; never took possession of the see.
1254 Abel de Gullane
1255-1271 Gamelin
1271-1279 William Wishart
1279-1297 William Fraser
1297-1328 William de Lamberton
1328 Alexander de Kininmund Appears to have had some right of election, but this was quashed with the provision of Bane.
1328-1332 James Bane
1332-1342 William Bell Was bishop-elect for ten years, all of which appears to have been spent at the Papal court. Does not appear to have obtained papal consecration.
1342-1385 William de Landallis
1385-1386 Stephen de Pa Not consecrated; never took possession of the see. Was captured by pirates on his way to continental Europe, and kept prisoner in England.
1385-1401 Walter Trail
el. 1401-1402 Thomas Stewart Never consecrated. He was the bastard son of King Robert II of Scotland, and renounced his rights soon after his election.
el. 1402 Walter de Danielston Not consecrated.
post. 1403 Gilbert de Greenlaw Not consecrated. He had been Bishop of Aberdeen, but Pope Benedict XIII refused to confirm his postulation, and instead provided Henry Wardlaw.
1403-1440 Henry Wardlaw
1440-1465 James Kennedy
1465-1472/8 Patrick Graham

[edit] List of anti-bishops

During the Western Schism, in which Scotland chose to side with the Avignon Papacy, the English church would now and then appoint its own candidates to the bishoric. They never, of course, took possession of their see.

Dates Incumbent Notes
trans. 1388 Alexander de Neville Anti-Bishop. Never took possession of the see. He was the deposed Archbishop of York, made nominal Bishop of St. Andrews by Pope Urban VI during the Western Schism.
trans. 1398 Thomas de Arundel Anti-Bishop. Never took possession of the see. He had been Archbishop of York, then Archbishop of Canterbury, before being exiled by King Richard II of England. He became Pope Boniface IX's nominal bishop of St. Andrews, before being restored to Canterbury the next year.
trans. 1408 John Trevaur Anti-Bishop. Had previously been Bishop of St. Asaph. He died in 1410.

[edit] List of archbishops

The bishopric of St Andrews was elevated into an Archbishopric in 1472 by Pope Sixtus IV. The Scottish church broke with Rome in the Scottish Reformation of 1560. From then, until 1689, archbishops are under or supposed to be under the Scottish church.

Dates Incumbent Notes
1465-1478 Patrick Graham Deposed for corruption and insanity in 1478.
1478-1497 William Scheves Co-adjutor since 1476.
1497-1504 James Stewart
1504-1513 Alexander Stewart
el. 1513 John Hepburn Was not accepted by the Pope.
1513-1514 Cardinal Innocenzo Cibo He was the nephew of Pope Leo X, and provided by the Pope instead of John Hepburn. Owing to lack of support in Scotland, and exchange was made with Archbishop Forman of Bourges.
1513-1514 William Elphinstone Received crown nomination and chapter postulation for translation from bishopric of Aberdeen, but died without possession in October 25, 1514. It is not known whether or not the Pope would have accepted his translation.
1513-1514 Gavin Douglas Received crown nomination after death of Elphinstone; was not favoured by Papacy, and became Bishop of Dunkeld instead.
1514-1521 Andrew Forman Bishop of Moray, Archbishop of Bourges, obtained St Andrews through exchange with Cibo.
1522-1539 James Beaton
1539-1546 David Beaton Co-adjutor since 1537.
1547-1571 John Hamilton
1571 Gavin Hamilton Co-adjutor since 1551.
1571-1574 John Douglas
1575-1592 Patrick Adamson
1604-1615 George Gledstanes
1615-1638 John Spottiswoode Abolition of Episcopacy, lasting until the Reformation Episcopacy.
1661-1679 James Sharp First Archbishop of Restoration Episcopacy.
1679-1684 Alexander Burnet
1684-1689 Arthur Rose Episcopacy permanently abolished in the Church of Scotland. Office continued less formally though, as he was the primate of nonjuring episcopal communion in Scotland, 1689–1704.

[edit] References

  • Anderson, Alan Orr, Early Sources of Scottish History: AD 500–1286, 2 Vols, (Edinburgh, 1922), vol. i
  • Anderson, Marjorie Ogilvie, "St. Andrews before Alexander I", in G. W. S. Barrow (ed.), The Scottish Tradition, (Edinburgh, 1994), pp. 1-13
  • Barrow, G. W. S., "The Clergy of St. Andrews", in The Kingdom of the Scots, 2nd Ed., (Edinburgh, 2003), pp. 187-202
  • Dowden, John, The Bishops of Scotland, ed. J. Maitland Thomson, (Glasgow, 1912)
  • Keith, Robert, An Historical Catalogue of the Scottish Bishops: Down to the Year 1688, (London, 1824)
  • Lawrie, Sir Archibald, Early Scottish Charters Prior to A.D. 1153, (Glasgow, 1905)
  • Macqueen, John, MacQueen, Winifred & Watt, D.E.R. (eds.), Scottichronicon by Walter Bower in Latin and English, Vol. 3, (Aberdeen, 1995)
  • Watt, D. E. R., Fasti Ecclesiae Scotinanae Medii Aevi ad annum 1638, 2nd Draft, (St Andrews, 1969)

[edit] See also


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