ar (Unix)
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The archiver (also known simply as ar) is a Unix utility that maintains groups of files as a single archive file. Today, ar is generally used only to create and update static library files that the link editor or linker uses; it can be used to create archives for any purpose, but has been largely replaced by tar for purposes other than static libraries. ar is included as one of the GNU Binutils.
For example, to create an archive from files class1.o, class2.o, class3.o, the following command would be used:
ar rcs libclass.a class1.o class2.o class3.o
to compile a program that depends on class1.o, class2.o, and class3.o one could do:
cc main.c libclass.a
instead of:
cc main.c class1.o class2.o class3.o
While it is technically possible to use the -L. switch and -lclass to achieve the same result in the linking phase, it is considered bad programming. As a rule of thumb, the -l should only be used for installed libraries.
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[edit] File format details
The ar format has never been standardized; modern archives are based on a common format with two known variants, BSD and GNU.
Historically there have been other variants including AIX (small), AIX (big) and Coherent, which all vary significantly from the common format.
Debian ".deb" archives use the common format.
An ar file begins with a global header, followed by a header and data section for each file stored within the ar file.
The data section is 2 byte aligned. If it would end on an odd offset, a '\n' is used as filler.
[edit] Global header
The global header is a single field containing the magic ASCII string "!<arch>" followed by a single LF control character
[edit] File header
The common format is as follows.
| Field Offset from | Field Offset to | Field Name | Field Format |
|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | 15 | File name | ASCII |
| 16 | 27 | File modification timestamp | Decimal |
| 28 | 33 | Owner ID | Decimal |
| 34 | 39 | Group ID | Decimal |
| 40 | 47 | File mode | Octal |
| 48 | 57 | File size in bytes | Decimal |
| 58 | 59 | File magic | \140\012 |
Due to the limitations of file name length and format, both the GNU and BSD variants devised different methods of achieving extended filenames.
[edit] BSD variant
BSD ar store extended filenames by placing the string "#1/" followed by the file name length in the file name field, and appending the real filename to the file header.
[edit] GNU variant
GNU ar stores multiple extended filenames in the data section of a file with the name "//", this record is referred to by future headers. A header references an extended filename by storing a "/" followed by a decimal offset to the start of the filename in the extended filename data section. The format of this "//" file itself is simply a list of the long filenames, each separated by one or more LF characters. Note that the decimal offsets are number of characters, not line or string number within the "//" file.
GNU ar uses a '/' to mark the end of the filename, this allows for the use of spaces without the use of an extended filename.
GNU ar uses the special filename "/" to denote that the following data entry contains a symbol lookup table, which is used in ar libraries to speed up access. This symbol table consists of the following fields:
| Field Format | Field Description |
|---|---|
| 32-bit big endian integer | Number of entries in the symbol table |
| 32-bit big endian integers | One integer for each symbol, recording the position within the archive of the header for the file containing this symbol. |
| Zero-terminated string | Consumes the rest of the "/" special file. Each symbol name is zero-terminated, and are in the same order as the previous set of integers. |
[edit] See also
[edit] External links
- : create and maintain library archives – Commands & Utilities Reference, The Single UNIX® Specification, Issue 6 from The Open Group
- Manual page for GNU binutils ar
- Manual page for Unix Seventh Edition's ar
- The 32-bit PA-RISC Run-time Architecture Document, HP-UX 11.0 Version 1.0, Hewlett-Packard, 1997.
See Chapter 4: Relocatable Libraries. Available at [1] (devresource.hp.com)
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