Apneustic center

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The apneustic center of the lower pons appears to promote inspiration by stimulation of the I neurons in the medulla oblongata providing a constant stimulus.

The apneustic centre of pons sends signals to the dorsal respiratory centre in the medulla to delay the 'switch off' signal of the inspiratory ramp provided by the pneumotaxic centre of pons. It controls the intensity of breathing.

The pons apneustic center stimulates/prolongs inspiration

[edit] External links

• Description at vcu.edu
• c_20/12226527 at Dorland's Medical Dictionary
• Physiology at MCG 4/4ch6/s4ch6_10
• Diagram at colorado.edu

v • d • e Respiratory system, physiology: respiratory physiology Volumes lung volumes - vital capacity - functional residual capacity - respiratory minute volume - closing capacity - dead space - spirometry - body plethysmography - peak flow meter - thoracic independent volume - bronchial challenge test Airways ventilation (V) (positive pressure) - breath (inhalation, exhalation) -respiratory rate - respirometer - pulmonary surfactant - compliance - hysteresivity - airway resistance Blood pulmonary circulation - perfusion (Q) - hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction - pulmonary shunt Interactions ventilation/perfusion ratio (V/Q) and scan - zones of the lung - gas exchange - pulmonary gas pressures - alveolar gas equation - hemoglobin - oxygen-haemoglobin dissociation curve (2,3-DPG, Bohr effect, Haldane effect) - carbonic anhydrase (chloride shift) - oxyhemoglobin - respiratory quotient - arterial blood gas - diffusion capacity - Dlco Control of respiration pons (pneumotaxic center, apneustic center) - medulla (dorsal respiratory group, ventral respiratory group) - chemoreceptors (central, peripheral) - pulmonary stretch receptors (Hering-Breuer reflex) Insufficiency high altitude - oxygen toxicity - hypoxia

v • d • e Brain: rhombencephalon (hindbrain) Metencephalon/ pons Dorsal/ (tegmentum) surface: Locus ceruleus Trigeminal lemniscus (Dorsal trigeminal tract, Ventral trigeminal tract) cranial nuclei: GSA: Principal V/Spinal V - VIII-c (Dorsal, Anterior)/VIII-v (Lateral, Superior, Medial, Inferior) - SVE: Motor V - VII - GSE: VI - GVE: VII: Superior salivary nucleus MLF, III, IV and VI (vestibulo-oculomotor fibers, medial vestibulospinal tract) sensory/ascending: Trapezoid body/VIII - Superior olivary nucleus Inferior cerebellar peduncle (Vestibulocerebellar tract) motor/descending: Apneustic center • Pneumotaxic center (Medial parabrachial nucleus) - Lateral parabrachial nucleus Ventral/ (base) Middle cerebellar peduncles (Pontocerebellar fibers) - Pontine nuclei motor/descending: Corticospinal tract - Corticobulbar tract - Corticopontine fibers Raphe/reticular Reticular formation (Caudal, Oral, Tegmental, Paramedian) • Raphe nuclei (Median) Myelencephalon/ medulla Dorsal surface: Posterior median sulcus - Postero-lateral sulcus - Area postrema cranial nuclei: GVA: VII,IX,X: Solitary/tract • SVA: Gustatory nucleus • GSE: XII  • GVE: IX,X,XI: Ambiguus • SVE: X: Dorsal • IX: Inferior salivatory nucleus - MLF, III, IV and VI sensory/ascending: Gracile nucleus • Cuneate nucleus (Accessory cuneate nucleus) • Sensory decussation  • Medial lemniscus motor/descending: Dorsal respiratory group Ventral motor/descending: Ventral respiratory group - Pyramid (Motor decussation) - Inferior olivary nucleus (Olivocerebellar tract, Rubro-olivary tract) surface: Anterior median fissure - Antero-lateral sulcus - Arcuate nucleus of medulla - Olivary body Raphe/reticular Reticular formation (Gigantocellular, Parvocellular, Ventral, Lateral, Paramedian) • Raphe nuclei (Obscurus, Magnus, Pallidus)