Apis florea

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Dwarf Honeybee

worker of Apis florea

Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Class:	Insecta
Subclass:	Pterygota
Infraclass:	Neoptera
Superorder:	Endopterygota
Order:	Hymenoptera
Suborder:	Apocrita
Family:	Apidae
Genus:	Apis
Subgenus:	(Micrapis)
Species:	A. florea

Binomial name

Apis florea
Fabricius, 1787

Apis florea nest, Thailand. The nest is 20cm in diameter and contains approximately 3600 cells on each side. The reflective substance on the branch either side of the nest is propolis which acts as a sticky moat to protect the nest from ants.

The Dwarf Honeybee (Apis florea) is one of two species of small, wild honeybees of southern and southeastern Asia. It has a much wider distribution than its sister species, Apis andreniformis.

This together with A. florea is the most plesiomorphic honeybee species alive. Separating roughly about the Bartonian (some 40 mya or slightly later) from the other lineages, among themselves they do not seem to have diverged a long time before the Neogene.(Arias & Sheppard 2005).

These two species together comprise the subgenus Micrapis, and are the most primitive of the living species of Apis, reflected in their small colony size, and simple nest construction. The exposed single combs are built on branches of shrubs and small trees. The forager bees do not perform a waggle dance to recruit nestmates as in the domesticated Apis mellifera. Instead they "dance" on the horizontal upper surface where the comb wraps around the supporting branch. The dance is a straight run pointing directly to the source of pollen or nectar that the forager has been visiting. In all other Apis species, the comb on which foragers dance is vertical, and the dance is not actually directed towards the food source.

Both the bees were generally identified as Apis florae, and most information still relates to this species prior to the 1990s. However, the distinctiveness of the two species Apis florea and Apis andreniformis was established unequivocally in the 1990s. Apis florea is redder and the first abdomen is always red in an old worker (younger workers are paler in colour, as is the case in giant honeybees); Apis andreniformis is in general darker and the first abdomen segment is totally black in old bees.^[1].

[edit] Ecology

Close up of an abandoned Apis florea nest, Thailand. The hexagonal grid of wax cells on either side of the nest are slightly offset from each other. This increases the strength of the comb and reduces the amount of wax required to produce a robust structure.

Aside from their small size, simple exposed nests, and simplified dance language, the life cycle and behavior of this species is fairly similar to other species of Apis.

[edit] Parasites

The main parasites of both A. andreniformis and A. florea belong to genus Euvarroa. However, A. andreniformis is attacked by the species Euvarroa wongsirii, while Euvarroa sinhai preys on A. florea and colonies of Apis mellifera that are imported. The two species of Euvarroa have morphological and biological differences: while E. wongsirii has a triangular body shape and a length of 47 to 54 micrometres, E. sinhai has a more circular shape and a length of 39 to 40 micrometres.

[edit] References

^ Wu, Y.R. (1987), Two species of small honeybee - a study of the genus Micrapis, vol. 68, Bee World, pp. 153-155

Arias, Maria C. & Sheppard, Walter S. (2005): Phylogenetic relationships of honey bees (Hymenoptera:Apinae:Apini) inferred from nuclear and mitochondrial DNA sequence data. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 37(1): 25–35. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2005.02.017. Erratum in Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 40(1): 315. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2006.02.002
Wu, Y.R.; Kuang B. Two species of small honeybee - a study of the genus Micrapis. Bee World, 153-155.