Anti-transglutaminase antibodies
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| Autoantibody(s) | |
|---|---|
| Anti-transglutaminase | |
| Common autoantibody characteristics | |
| Autoantibody class | IgA, IgG |
| DQ2.5 | |
| HLA associations | DQ8 |
| DQ2.2/DQ7.5 | |
| Associated T-Cell restrictions |
DQ/gliadin, DQ/deamidated-gliadin |
| Triggering agent(s) |
Triticeae glutens(Prolamins and Glutelins) |
| Isoform specific | |
| autoantibody characteristics | |
| Autoantigen Isoform |
Tissue transglutaminase |
| Autoantigen Gene | TGM2 |
| Affected Organ(s) | Intestine (small) |
| Affected Tissue(s) | Villi |
| Affected Cells(s) | Epithelial Cells |
| Also Affected | Epithelial matrix |
| Associated Disease(s) |
Coeliac disease |
| Triggering agent |
& Gastrointestinal viruses |
| Autoantigen Isoform |
Epidermal transglutaminase |
| Autoantigen Gene | TGM3 |
| Affected Organ(s) | Skin |
| Associated Disease(s) |
Dermatitis herpetiformis |
Anti-transglutaminase antibodies (ATA) are antibodies found more frequently in certain autoimmune diseases. High levels (titers) of ATA are found in almost all instances of coeliac disease.[1] Given the association of ATA with coeliac disease, and the prevalence of the latter it is estimated that ~1% of the population have potentially pathogenic levels of ATA.
ATA can be classified according to 2 different schemes. Transglutaminase isoform and the reactivity of immunoglobulin subclass (IgA, IgG) toward transglutaminases.
Contents |
[edit] Transglutaminase isoform reactivity
[edit] Anti-tissue transglutaminase
Antibodies to tissue transglutaminase (ATA or anti-tTG) are found in patients with coeliac disease. ATA are sometimes found in other autoimmune diseases, such as juvenile diabetes. ATA are involved in the destruction of the villous extracellular matrix and target the destruction of intestinal villous epithelial cells by killer cells. Deposits of anti-tTG in the intestinal epithelium predict coeliac disease.[2]
anti-endomysial reactivity. The major pathogenic component of anti-endomysial antibodies (EMA) are ATA, and EMA compose most of ATA. EMA may represent antibodies that bind with higher affinity to cell-surface tTG.[3] therefore targeting those cells for apoptosis. The antiendomysial antibody test is a histological assay for patient serum binding to esophageal tissue from primate.
[edit] Anti-epidermal transglutaminase
Antibodies to epidermal transglutaminase(eGT, also Keratinocyte transglutaminase) are the autoantibodies believed to cause dermatitis herpetiformis.[4]
[edit] Immunoglobin subclass
ATA IgA are more frequently found in CD; however, ATA IgG are found in CD and at higher levels when affected individual had the IgA-less phenotype. The IgA-less phenotype is more common in CD than the normal population; however, one haplotype, DQ2.5 is found in most CD, has genetic linkage to the IgA-less gene location.
[edit] Associated Conditions
| This article is part of the Gluten sensitivity series. |
| Coeliac disease |
| Wheat allergy |
| Gluten-sensitive idiopathic neuropathies |
| Dermatitis herpetiformis |
| Triticeae glutens |
| Gluten-free diet |
| GSE associated conditions |
| Anti-gliadin antibodies |
| Anti-transglutaminase antibodies |
| HLA-DQ2, HLA-DQ8 |
Viral associations. Frequent rotavirus infections in children with DR3-DQ2 serological haplotype create higher risk of coeliac disease (CD).[5] A large fraction of CD patients have anti-tTG antibodies that also recognize arotavirus protein called VP7. These crossreactive antibodies stimulate monocyte proliferation. Rotavirus infection might explain some early steps in the autoimmune progression in CD.[6] Rotavirus damage in the gut showed a type villous atrophy similar to advanced grades of CD.[7] This suggests that viral proteins may take part in the initial flattening and could stimulate self-crossreactive anti-VP7 production. Antibodies to VP7 may also slow healing until the gliadin-mediated tTG presentation provides a continuous source of autoantibodies.
Juvenile diabetes and anti-tTG. Childhood (male) Type 1 diabetes (T1D) increases the risk for CD and vice versa[8] and the early signs of CD may precede T1D in many cases.[9] A search for CD in juvenile diabates patients revealed that GF diet resulted in some improvements.[10] A elevated number of diabetes patients have ATA[11] along with increased numbers of gluten-specific T-cells.
Rheumatoid arthritis. Studies of patients with rheumatoid arthritis showed highly increased frequencies of antibodies against guinea pig transglutaminase, human recombinant transglutaminase and peptidylarginine deiminase type 4 (PAD4). This suggests a potential for crossreactive antibodies between anti-tTG and anti-PAD4.[12]
Asymptomatic ATA+. A recent screening[13] of 7550 Briton's found 87 undetected ATA+. In this study a 50% increase of ATA was associated with:
- lower bone mineral density of the hip.
- lower hemoglobin levels
- decreased weight.
- lower cholesterol
- higher blood glucose
Similar studies
- increased mortality, particularly to cancer[14]
Symptomatic ATA+
- greater impairment of neurophysiology (peripheral neuropathies and motor neuron disease.[15]
- increased inflammatory bowel symptoms(not celiac or EMA).[16]
Alcohol consumption. ATA correlated with biomarkers of alcohol consumption, proinflammatory cytokines and markers of fibrogenesis.[17]
[edit] Mechanism of Autoimmunity
The antibodies to tissue transglutaminase follow a complex pathway of generation. For most antigens, T-cells specific to those antigens develop, for autoimmunity autoreactive T-cells are not suppressed or antigens escape the protective process. T-cells are stimulated by antigen, presented by MHC molecules (HLA in humans) and surface IgM on antigen reactive B-cells. These T-helper cells then stimulate B-cells to multiply and mature into plasma cells that make IgG to that protein.
For tTG autoimmunity (CD), T-cells are generated against wheat gliadin and similar gluten proteins of the trib Triticeae. The T-cells are defined by the ability to react to HLA-DQ8 and DQ2.5 restricted antigens and gliadin is one of the antigens. Gliadin is a favored dietary substrate for transglutaminase because of many enzyme reaction sites on gliadin. In disease, transglutaminase reacts with gliadin forming a linkage[18]. In forming this bond transglutaminase becomes linked to T-cell epitopes on gliadin. B-cells with surface IgM that react to transglutaminase can present it with bound gliadin peptides to T-cells which stimulate B-cell maturation and proliferation to plasma cells making IgA or IgM.
ATA correlates with severity of CD. A recent study of children demonstrates that the level of ATA in correlates with the scalar Marsh score for the disease in the same patient.[19]
ATA changes the behavior of tTG. Some studies have revealed that antibodies increase the activity of tTG, instead of inhibiting activity as is commonly encountered with function alterning antibodies. A recent study has shown that ATA also modify and increase replication in intestinal epithileal cells, by apparently interacting with cell-surface transglutaminase.[20]
[edit] Genetics
Genetics of coeliac disease is the common genetic factor for ATA. However studies of children with coeliac disease reveals that patients with DR7 have higher titers to ATA [21]. The DR7 is commonly found with HLA-DR5-DQ7/DR7-DQ2 phenotype in celiac disease. DR7-DQ2 homozygotes are also found.
[edit] Links
Anti-Tissue Transglutaminase (tTG) Antibodies Also Found in Inflammatory Bowel Disease
[edit] References
- ^ Dieterich W, Ehnis T, Bauer M, Donner P, Volta U, Riecken E, Schuppan D (1997). "Identification of tissue transglutaminase as the autoantigen of celiac disease". Nat Med 3 (7): 797–801. doi:. PMID 9212111.
- ^ Kaukinen K, Peraaho M, Collin P, Partanen J, Woolley N, Kaartinen T, Nuuntinen T, Halttunen T, Maki M, Korponay-Szabo I (2005). "Small-bowel mucosal tranglutaminase 2-specific IgA deposits in coeliac disease without villous atrophy: A Prospective and radmonized clinical study". Scand J Gastroenterology 40: 564–572. doi:. PMID 16036509.
- ^ Salmi T, Collin P, Korponay-Szabó I, Laurila K, Partanen J, Huhtala H, Király R, Lorand L, Reunala T, Mäki M, Kaukinen K (2006). "Endomysial antibody-negative coeliac disease: clinical characteristics and intestinal autoantibody deposits". Gut 55 (12): 1746–53. doi:. PMID 16571636.
- ^ Hull CM, Liddle M, Hansen N, et al (May 2008). "Elevation of IgA anti-epidermal transglutaminase antibodies in dermatitis herpetiformis". Br. J. Dermatol.. doi:. PMID 18503599.
- ^ Stene LC, Honeyman MC, Hoffenberg EJ, et al (2006). "Rotavirus infection frequency and risk of celiac disease autoimmunity in early childhood: a longitudinal study". Am. J. Gastroenterol. 101 (10): 2333–40. doi:. PMID 17032199.
- ^ Zanoni G, Navone R, Lunardi C, Tridente G, Bason C, Sivori S, Beri R, Dolcino M, Valletta E, Corrocher R, Puccetti A (2006). "In celiac disease, a subset of autoantibodies against transglutaminase binds toll-like receptor 4 and induces activation of monocytes". PLoS Med 3 (9): e358. doi:. PMID 16984219.
- ^ Salim A, Phillips A, Farthing M (1990). "Pathogenesis of gut virus infection". Baillieres Clin Gastroenterol 4 (3): 593–607. doi:. PMID 1962725.
- ^ Lampasona V, Bonfanti R, Bazzigaluppi E, Venerando A, Chiumello G, Bosi E, Bonifacio E. (1999). "Antibodies to tissue transglutaminase C in type I diabetes.". Diabetologia. 42 (10): 1195–1198. doi:. PMID 10525659.
- ^ Ludvigsson J, Ludvigsson J, Ekbom A, Montgomery S (2006). "Celiac disease and risk of subsequent type 1 diabetes: a general population cohort study of children and adolescents.". Diabetes Care 29 (11): 2483–8. doi:. PMID 17065689.
- ^ Hansen D, Brock-Jacobsen B, Lund E, Bjørn C, Hansen L, Nielsen C, Fenger C, Lillevang S, Husby S (2006). "Clinical benefit of a gluten-free diet in type 1 diabetic children with screening-detected celiac disease: a population-based screening study with 2 years' follow-up.". Diabetes Care 29 (11): 2452–6. doi:. PMID 17065683.
- ^ Bao F, Yu L, Babu S, Wang T, Hoffenberg EJ, Rewers M, and Eisenbarth GS. (1999). "One third of HLA DQ2 homozygous patients with type 1 diabetes express celiac disease-associated transglutaminase autoantibodies.". J Autoimmun. 13 (1): 143–148. doi:. PMID 10441179.
- ^ Roth EB, Stenberg P, Book C, Sjöberg K (2006). "Antibodies against transglutaminases, peptidylarginine deiminase and citrulline in rheumatoid arthritis--new pathways to epitope spreading". Clin. Exp. Rheumatol. 24 (1): 12–8. PMID 16539813.
- ^ West J, Logan RF, Hill PG, Khaw KT (2007). "The iceberg of celiac disease: what is below the waterline?". Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 5 (1): 59–62. doi:. PMID 17234556.
- ^ Metzger MH, Heier M, Mäki M, et al (2006). "Mortality excess in individuals with elevated IgA anti-transglutaminase antibodies: the KORA/MONICA Augsburg cohort study 1989-1998". Eur. J. Epidemiol. 21 (5): 359–65. doi:. PMID 16649072.
- ^ Matà S, Renzi D, Pinto F, Calabrò A (2006). "Anti-tissue transglutaminase IgA antibodies in peripheral neuropathy and motor neuronopathy". Acta Neurol. Scand. 114 (1): 54–8. doi:. PMID 16774628.
- ^ Di Tola M, Sabbatella L, Anania MC, et al (2004). "Anti-tissue transglutaminase antibodies in inflammatory bowel disease: new evidence". Clin. Chem. Lab. Med. 42 (10): 1092–7. PMID 15552265.
- ^ Koivisto H, Hietala J, Anttila P, Niemelä O (2007). "Co-Occurrence of IgA Antibodies Against Ethanol Metabolites and Tissue Transglutaminase in Alcohol Consumers: Correlation with Proinflammatory Cytokines and Markers of Fibrogenesis". Digestive Diseases and Sciences 53: 500. doi:. PMID 17597408.
- ^ Fleckenstein B, Qiao SW, Larsen MR, Jung G, Roepstorff P, Sollid LM (2004). "Molecular characterization of covalent complexes between tissue transglutaminase and gliadin peptides". J. Biol. Chem. 279 (17): 17607–16. doi:. PMID 14747475.
- ^ Donaldson MR, Firth SD, Wimpee H, et al (2007). "Correlation of duodenal histology with tissue transglutaminase and endomysial antibody levels in pediatric celiac disease". Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 5 (5): 567–73. doi:. PMID 17428743.
- ^ Barone MV, Caputo I, Ribecco MT, et al (2007). "Humoral immune response to tissue transglutaminase is related to epithelial cell proliferation in celiac disease". Gastroenterology 132 (4): 1245–53. doi:. PMID 17408665.
- ^ pmid:17364503
