Antanas Baranauskas

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Antanas Baranauskas
Antanas Baranauskas

Antanas Baranauskas (Latin: Antonius Baranovski, Polish: Antoni Baranowski (pronunciation (help·info); ) (January 17, 1835, Anykščiai - November 26, 1902) was a Lithuanian[1][2][3] poet,[4] mathematician and a bishop of Sejny. He used the pseudonyms A.B., Bangputys, Jurksztas Smalaūsis, Jurkštas Smalaūsis, and Baronas.[5]. He also wrote Poetry in Polish[6].

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[edit] Early years

Baranauskas was born to a humble peasant family of szlachta origin[7]. Early in his youth, his parents sent him to a local parochial school. After finishing his studies there, Baranauskas initially remained in the parish. As described in his diary, between the years 1841-1843, he learned the Polish language and later between 1848-1851, Russian as well.[5] His first attempts to write poetry and rhyme in Lithuanian, are to be found in his diaries.[5] Later he attended a bi-yearly school for communal writers in Rumšiškės. There he started writing his first poems in Polish.[4]

[edit] Adulthood

Antanas Baranauskas bust in Seda
Antanas Baranauskas bust in Seda

In 1853, he finished school and started working as a writer and chancellor in various towns. During this period he met Lithuanian poetess[8][9] Karolina Praniauskaitė[8] (Polish: Karolina Proniewska), a renowned writer form Samogitia, with whom he shared a passion for the poetry of Adam Mickiewicz.[9] Praniauskaitė also suggested that Baranauskas should try to write more in Lithuanian.[4][10] In 1856, Karolina's family tried to separate the couple, by sponsoring Baranauskas' entry into the Catholic Seminary of Varniai. While studying there, he began to concentrate on the development of the written Lithuanian language, and wrote a commentary on Lithuanian and Samogitian dialects "Apie lietuvių ir žemaičių kalbą". It was the first scholarly attempt to distinguish these different Lithuanian dialects.

While in the seminary, Baranauskas started writing poems in Lithuanian, and from that time essentially wrote in that language. One of his earlier works written under the influence of Mickiewicz was Anykščių šilelis (The Forest/Pinewood of Anykščiai). It is considered to be one of the classic works of Lithuanian literature. Literature critics consider it as a symbolic reference to Lithuanian history and language.[11] It is known that Baranauskas wrote the poem in anger, because his lector Alexander Gabszewicz said that the Lithuanian language was not beautiful enough to write poems in,[5] although many historians dispute, that this is rather a myth. The poem was first published in 1861, and again in 1862 in Laurynas Ivinskis' calendars.

Antanas Baranauskas' monument in Anykščiai
Antanas Baranauskas' monument in Anykščiai

From 1858 to 1862, Barnauskas studied at the St. Petersburg Spiritual Academy, receiving a Masters degree in theology. Between 1863-1864, he studied at Munich's, Rome's, Innsbruck's and Louvain’s Catholic universities.

Starting in 1871, he worked at the Kaunas seminary, and began teaching the Lithuanian language. He authored a grammar textbook in Lithuanian, Mokslas lietuviškosios kalbos. After Baranauskas went to Sejny, he gained a considerable reputation by being able to preach in both Polish and Lithuanian. He identified himself as "gente Lithuanus, natione Polonus" (which in Latin means "of Lithuanian origin, of Polish nation")[citation needed]. By 1880, after he realized that the ban of printing the Lithuanian language would not be lifted, in spite of several unofficial promises by Tsarist authorities to do so, his desire to promote the Lithuanian language slowly declined. He never ceased to believe, that Lithuanian should be developed and expanded and until his death worked on a translation of the Bible into Lithuanian, and working 10-12 hours a day, succeeded to translate three fifths of the Old Testament.

In his later years, Antanas Baranauskas, enjoyed some of the comforts of life. His beliefs were similar to the later Krajowcy group. Therefore for the rest of his life he tried to reconcile nationalists from both - Lithuanian and Polish - sides. For that he was rather unpopular amongst the nationalists in both sides.[5]

Most of the Lithuanians did not attend his burial, considering him a traitor of the national revival movement, mostly Russian officials and Poles attended it.[5] It was a completely different story when a monument for him was built in Sejny. Only Lithuanians attended the event, and even then paint was spilt on the monument the following night.[5]

[edit] Legacy

Before Baranauskas, the main "respectable" languages in the area were considered to be Russian and Polish, so Baranauskas was one of the few primary individuals responsible for re-legitimizing the Lithuanian language, and by extension, Lithuanian culture. Referring to Baranauskas in a lecture, the early 20th century Lithuanian poet Maironis once said, "Without him, there might not be us".[11]

[edit] References

  1. ^ Subačius, Paulius (2006). "The Everyday of a bishop: Antanas Baranauskas, a Concealed Suffragan". Lietuvos etnologija 5. 
  2. ^ Encyclopedia Britannica [1]
  3. ^ Encyclopedia Wiem [2]
  4. ^ a b c (Polish) various authors (1993). "Antoni Baranowski", in Małgorzata Pawłowska: Biografie suwalskie (in Polish). Suwałki: Jaćwież. OCLC 69481751. Retrieved on 2006-07-17. 
  5. ^ a b c d e f g Egidijus Aleksandravičius (2003). Giesmininko kelias (in Lithuanian). Vilnius: Versus Aureus, 58. OCLC 60351917. 
  6. ^ Encyclopedia Wiem [3]
  7. ^ Pawłowska, op.cit.
  8. ^ a b Mukienė, Danutė (2003-05-15). Žemaitijos rašytojai (Lithuanian). Retrieved on 2007-04-18.
  9. ^ a b Krystyna Syrnicka (May 2002). "Karolina Proniewska - zapomniana poetka ze Żmudzi" (in Polish). Nasz Czas 20 (559): 25. ISSN 1641-7933 OCLC 69526313. “Dla historii literatury litewskiej najbardziej znaczący jest wysoko oceniony przez literaturoznawców jej przekład legendy o Egle, królowej węży z Witoloraudy J.I.Kraszewskiego. "Ţalčiř motë" ("Matka węży") była zamieszczona w kalendarzu L. Iwińskiego (L. Ivinskisa) za 1859 rok.” 
  10. ^ Krystyna Syrnicka (May 2002). "Karolina Proniewska - zapomniana poetka ze Żmudzi" (in Polish). Nasz Czas 20 (559): 25. ISSN 1641-7933 OCLC 69526313. “To Proniewska skłoniła Baranowskiego do pisania wierszy po litewsku - " budzić uczucia ojczystym dźwiękiem" (It was Proniewska who did encouraged Barnauskas write poetry in Lithuanian - "to wake feelings whit fathers {language] sound")” 
  11. ^ a b Justinas Marcinkevičius (1995). "Štai kas yra mes", Tekančios upės vienybė (in Lithuanian). Kaunas: Santara, 42-44. OCLC 35046901. 

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