Anson Chan

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This is a Chinese name; the family name is Chan (married name) and Fang (maiden name)..
The Honourable
 Anson Chan Fang On Sang
陳方安生 
GBM, GCMG, CBE, JP
Anson Chan
Incumbent
Assumed office 
December 5, 2007
In office
July 1, 1997 – April 30, 2002
Preceded by (none)
Succeeded by Donald Tsang
In office
November 29, 1993 – June 30, 1997
Preceded by Sir David Robert Ford
Succeeded by abolished
Born January 17, 1940 (1940-01-17) (age 68)
Shanghai, China
Nationality Chinese (Hong Kong)
Spouse Archibald Chan Tai-wing
Religion Roman Catholic

Anson Maria Elizabeth Chan Fang On Sang[1][2] GBM GCMG (hon.)[3] CBE JP (traditional Chinese: 陳方安生) (born January 17, 1940) is a member of the Legislative Council of Hong Kong for Hong Kong Island, succeeding the late legislator Ma Lik. Before running for LegCo, she served as the head of Hong Kong's civil service before and after the territory's handover to the People's Republic of China from British colonial rule. She was the first woman and the first Chinese to hold the second-highest governmental position in Hong Kong.

Since November 2005 she has indentified herself with the Pro-democracy camp, and won the December 2007 by-election for the Hong Kong Island seat in the Legislative Council, as an independent.

Contents

[edit] Biography

Born one of twins in Shanghai, China, Anson Chan was educated at Hong Kong's Sacred Heart Canossian College (formerly known as Italian Convent School and Sacred Heart School) and the University of Hong Kong. She was further educated at the Tufts University in Medford, Massachusetts.

Chan's father, who was a textile manufacturer, moved the family to Hong Kong in 1948. Her mother Fang Zhaoling is a well-known painter. Her grandfather, Fang Zhenwu, was a Kuomintang general who fought against the Japanese invasion. Her uncle, Sir Harry Fang, is a well-known orthopaedic surgeon in Hong Kong who was named "International Man of the Year" for his work with handicapped children around the world.[1]

In 1950, Chan's father died aged 36, leaving her mother with eight young children. With the support of Chan's grandmother, her mother not only shouldered the responsibility of raising her children, but also tried to pursue her career as an artist. She took two of her sons to study in England, leaving Chan and her five other siblings in Hong Kong with their grandmother and uncle.

Under her grandmother's strict discipline and high expectations, Chan learned that she had a duty towards the family and the community and was expected to be upright, diligent and righteous. She earned her pocket money by working as a private tutor and spent a year as a clerk at Queen Mary Hospital. In 1959, Chan entered the University of Hong Kong to study English literature.[1]

She married University sweetheart Archibald Chan Tai-wing in 1963, She started work on a social work diploma, but later changed her mind and joined the Civil Service. Her husband became a science teacher at St Joseph's College, while she was one of only two women who joined the civil service at that time.[1]

[edit] British administration career

Chan joined the civil service as an administrative service cadet in 1962. Her salary was reportedly one-quarter that paid to men of equivalent grade.[1]

Afterwards, she progressed to the Economics Section of the Finance Branch in 1962, followed by the Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, then the Department of Commerce and Industry, and later back to Finance. In 1970, she became assistant financial secretary in the finance branch of the Colonial Secretary, the first woman to attain that post.[1]

She became a senior administrative officer in 1970. During this period she helped set up the Association of Female Senior Government Officers to fight for better rights for women civil servants, notably pushing for wage parity with men.[1]

Chan became the first female civil service director when appointed Director of Social Welfare in 1984. During her tenure, she was severely criticized by media for her handling of a child custody case in 1986, popularly known as the Daughter of Kwok-A Incident[4]. An investigation by Unofficial members of the Executive Council found that Chan had "acted within the law" in respect of her extreme powers, but recommended changes to the law and to the Social Welfare Department's procedures to prevent re-occurrence of similar cases.[5]

From 1987 to 1993, she was Secretary for Economic Services, becoming the 30th and last Chief Secretary in 1993. She mainly oversaw the localisation of the civil service during her time in this position.

Chan was the first woman and the first ethnic Chinese to hold the second-highest governmental position in Hong Kong. The highest governmental position, the Governor, was always held by Britons before Hong Kong's handover to People's Republic of China.

Chan was often described during this era as an "Iron Lady", with "an iron fist in a velvet glove". Chan was lauded as the most powerful woman in Asia for her role as the deputy of British Governor Chris Patten, and later Tung Chee-hwa.

[edit] SAR administration career

After Hong Kong's handover to China on July 1, 1997, Chan stayed on as head of the civil service under then Chief Executive Tung Chee-hwa. Chan's public utterances on certain matters have sometimes placed her at odds with Tung, but this also earned her the reputation of being "Hong Kong's Conscience". In contrast to the more conservative Tung, Chan has been more forthcoming with supporting democracy and freedom, and faster pace of democratisation.

[edit] Defense of press freedom

“ Practise their profession after 1997 as they have practised it, continue to write the stories and editorials that deserve to be written, responsibly, objectively without fear or favour... How well they do their job after the transition will to a very large extent decide how well our other freedoms will be protected."[6] ”

—Anson Chan on Hong Kong journalists' role after the handover

When pro-government figures in Hong Kong attacked the Radio Television Hong Kong (RTHK) for being too critical of the Hong Kong and Chinese governments, Chan flew to its defence.[7] In the summer of 1999 RTHK became a platform for Taiwan-Mainland China discussions. A local member of the PRC's National People's Congress, Tsang Hin-chi, urged the government-owned radio station to exercise self-censorship and not to provide a platform that express the splitting of China; Xu Simin, a member of Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference, urged RTHK to not allow Taiwan's president broadcasts.[7]

On April 12, 2000 Wang Fengchao delivered a speech titled "The Principle of One China and the Taiwan Issue". Wang hinted that Article 23 should be enacted as quickly as possible in Hong Kong to protect China against treason and subversion.[8] Chan spoke in a four hour speech after Wang on the importance of press freedom and publication, as she believed in genuine press freedom without external pressures.[8]

The constant criticism of mainland officials and policies was perceived by many to be one of the main reasons for Beijing to view Chan as a malefactor in Hong Kong politics. In what the Hong Kong media saw as a dressing down for Chan, PRC Vice Premier Qian Qichen told her at a function in Beijing to "better support Tung", after there had been reports of disagreements between the two over the appointment of officials.[9][7]

[edit] Criticism, retirement

In 1998, Chan was somewhat criticised for her role in the monitoring of the new Hong Kong International Airport construction at Chek Lap Kok. The airport had logistical difficulties upon its opening, and some blamed Chan for her lack of supervision.[10]

Chan agreed in 1999 to delay her retirement until June 2002. However, Chan announced her resignation in January 2001, and officially stepped down in April of the same year.[10]

[edit] Honours

In recognition of her 34 years of public service to the British Crown, Chan was awarded the Hong Kong Grand Bauhinia Medal in 1999.[10]

She was then appointed by Queen Elizabeth II to be an honorary Dame Grand Cross of the Most Distinguished Order of St Michael and St George in 2002. Such award was usually given only to Governors of Hong Kong before the return of sovereignty.[10]

[edit] Political career

Chan marching for democracy in 2006
Chan marching for democracy in 2006

In December 2005, Chan participated in the protest march for democracy, against Donald Tsang's constitutional reform package[11] and has since participated in subsequent marches for universal suffrage.[12]

In July 2006, she criticised the Commission on Strategic Development, chaired by Donald Tsang, for being "rather slow and unsatisfactory", and announced her intention to start a "Core Group" to push for taking forward the debate on Hong Kong’s constitutional reforms.[13] It was later announced that the group would consist of[14]:

On September 23, 2006, in a news conference, Chan proclaimed that she would not run for the position of Chief Executive in 2007.

[edit] LegCo campaign 2007

On September 11, 2007, Chan announced that she would run in the December 2007 by-election for the Hong Kong Island seat in the Legislative Council made vacant by the death of Ma Lik.[15][16] During the campaign, she was criticized by Alex Tsui, a former ICAC official who accused Chan of obtaining a 100% mortgage to purchase a flat in 1993 when she was chief secretary, suggesting an abuse of power. A City University commentator said the issue marked the start of a smear campaign against Chan,[17] although Chan did not engage in smear-free politics either, accusing her rival Regina Ip of being a "fake democrat".

In the early hours of December 2, 2007, Chan was elected in the by-election with 175,874 votes, securing about 55% of the vote. Regina Ip, Chan's main rival, had 137,550 votes.[18]

For this election, Chan spent HK$1.81 million, $330,000 more than her pro-Beijing rival Regina Ip. Her two main donors were Sir Quo-wei Lee and his wife, and Hong Kong Democratic Foundation chairman George Cautherly, who donated HK$250,000 each. Next Media chairman Jimmy Lai chee-ying donated HK$200,000, and the Democratic Party gave HK$65,840 "for services".[19]

[edit] Personal

Among her numerous siblings, one brother, David Fang Jin-sheng, was a former orthopaedics lecturer and Hong Kong Academy of Medicine chief, and another brother, John Fang Meng-sang, is a lawyer.[1] In 2006, John became embroiled in a controversy over the death of his former lover in mysterious circumstances in a flat owned by him in 1995. A coroner's inquest unanimously ruled her death accidental or by misadventure.[20]

She and her husband have two children, Michelle and Andrew. They have four grandchildren.[1]

[edit] References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i Vanessa Gould, "The Iron Lady with a soft centre", The Standard, January 13, 2001
  2. ^ Pares, James. Hoare, Susan. [2005] (2005). A Political And Economic Dictionary Of East Asia. Routledge publishing. ISBN 1857432584. pg 35
  3. ^ Anson Chan was appointed as Honorary Dame of the Order of St Michael and St George in 2002. She can only be appointed Honorary Dame because she lost her British national status as a result of the handover, and was forbidden to keep the status as she chose to continue her post as the Chief Secretary for Administration. Even though recipients of the GCMG is entitled to be called Dame, honorary appointments do not give such right to the holder.
  4. ^ Louis Liu, "Another demand for resignation of SWD chief", South China Morning Post, 04 July 1986
  5. ^ "'Lonely girl' review backs welfare chief", South China Morning Post, 30 Jul 1986
  6. ^ Williams, Louise Williams. Rich, Roland. Losing Control: Freedom of the Press in Asia. [2000] (2000). Asia Pacific Press. ISBN 0731536266
  7. ^ a b c Hsiung, James Chieh. Hong Kong the Super Paradox: Life After Return to China. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 0312222939.
  8. ^ a b Wong, Yiu-Chung. One Country, Two Systems in Crisis: Hong Kong's Transformation Since the Handover. Lexington books. ISBN 0739104926.
  9. ^ Helen Luk and Martin To, "Satisfaction all round with move to defuse row", The Standard, September 27, 2000
  10. ^ a b c d Pares, Susan. Hoare, James E. A Political And Economic Dictionary Of East Asia. (2005). Routledge East Asia. ISBN 1857432584.
  11. ^ David Kootnikoff, Thousands March for Democracy in Hong Kong, ohmynews, December 5, 2005
  12. ^ Anson Chan to attend 1 July democracy march, AsiaNews.it, June 28, 2006
  13. ^ Carrie Chan, "Anson in steps to democracy", The Standard, July 20, 2006
  14. ^ Membership of Anson Chan’s Core Group Announced. Retrieved Nov 28, 2007
  15. ^ "陳方安生宣布參加立會補選". Retrieved on 2007-09-11.
  16. ^ "Anson Chan Will Run in Hong Kong Council Election". Retrieved on 2007-09-11.
  17. ^ Carrie Chan, Victor Cheung and Nickkita Lau, Probe call supported amid fears of smear, The Standard, November 21, 2007
  18. ^ Election Result of the 2007 LegCo Hong Kong Island by-election
  19. ^ "Anson outspends Regina on campaign trail". Retrieved on 2008-02-05.
  20. ^ Justin Mitchell, Pang's sisters call for ICAC probe over evidence, The Standard, March 23, 2006
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Political offices
Preceded by
Piers Jacobs		 Secretary for Economic Services
1987 - 1993		 Succeeded by
Gordon Siu
Preceded by
Edward Barrie Wiggham		 Secretary for the Civil Service
1993		 Succeeded by
Michael Sze
Preceded by
David Robert Ford		 Chief Secretary
1993 - 1997		 Succeeded by
Title renamed to Chief Secretary for Administration
Preceded by
Title renamed from Chief Secretary		 Chief Secretary for Administration
1997 - 2001		 Succeeded by
Donald Tsang