Anselm of Lucca

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Saint Anselm of Lucca the Younger
Born 1036, Milan
Died March 18, 1086
Venerated in Roman Catholic Church
Feast
Patronage Mantua
Saints Portal

Saint Anselm of Lucca the Younger (Milan, 1036–March 18, 1086) was a prominent figure in the Investiture Controversy and in the fighting in Central Italy between the forces of Countess Matilda of Tuscany, the papal champion, and those of Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor.

Anselm was a nephew of Anselm of Lucca the Elder, who became Pope Alexander II in 1061 and who designated Anselm to succeed him in his former position as Bishop of Lucca (1071) and sent him to Germany advising him to take investiture from Emperor Henry IV. Alexander II, Anselm's brother or uncle, elevated him to the cardinalate.[1]

Anselm went to Germany, but was loath to receive the insignia of spiritual power from a temporal ruler and returned without investiture. In 1073, Pope Gregory VII, again appointed Anselm Bishop of Lucca, but advised him not to accept investure from Henry IV. For some reason, Anselm did so this time, but soon felt such remorse that he resigned his bishopric, and entered the Benedictine Order at Padilirone, a Cluniac monastery near Mantua.

Gregory VII ordered him to return to Lucca, and he reluctantly obeyed, but continued to lead the life of a monk. In the years 1077–79, he accepted the transfer of several castles from Countess Matilda, in preparation for Henry's expected campaign, which was carried out in 1081–84. Meanwhile, he attempted to impose stricter monastic discipline upon the canons of his cathedral. Most of the canons refused to submit to the onerous new regulations, were excommunicated as a result and expelled him from Lucca in 1081, with the help of Emperor Henry and Guibert, Antipope Clement III, after the defeat of the great papal defender, the Countess Matilda of Tuscany at the battle of Volta Mantovana (October 1080). Anselm fled first to the shelter of Moriana, an episcopal stronghold only a few miles up the Arno from Lucca— accompanied by Bardo, a priest who later wrote his vita—then retired to Canossa as spiritual guide to Countess Matilda. Bishop Benzo of Alba, Henry IV's fiercely partisan supporter, tells with delight how Matilda and Anselm stripped the monasteries to send gold and silver to Gregory in Rome [1].

Some time later Pope Victor III made him Papal Legate of Lombardy, with authorization to rule over all the dioceses which had been left without bishops due to the conflict between pope and emperor. His biographer Rangerius, who succeeded him as bishop of Lucca, ascribed to his prayers the rout of Matilda's forces and the other enemies of Gregory VII, which is why he is sometimes depicted in art as standing before an army in confusion.

Anselm was well versed in Scripture and wrote some important works attacking　lay investiture and defending Pope Gregory against Antipope Guibert. He spent his last years assembling a collection of ecclesiastical law canons in 13 books, which formed the earliest of the collections of canons (Collectio canonum) supporting the Gregorian reforms, which afterwards were incorporated into the well-known Decretum of the jurist Gratian.

He died in Mantua on March 18, 1086, and is regarded as the patron saint of that city. A life of Anselm was written by his successor, Bishop Rangerius.

[edit] External links

[edit] References

  1. ^ Miranda, Salvator. 1998. "General list of Cardinals: XI Century (999-1099)."

[edit] Further reading

  • Kathleen Cushing, 1998. Papacy and Law in the Gregorian Revolution: The Canonistic Work of Anselm of Lucca (Oxford Historical Monographs.) New York: Oxford University Press. A detailed example of how a leading figure in the Investiture Controversy movement used canon law.