Animal Farm (1954 film)
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| Animal Farm | |
|---|---|
 Contemporary poster for the film |
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| Directed by | John Halas Joy Batchelor |
| Produced by | John Halas Joy Batchelor |
| Written by | George Orwell (novel) Joy Batchelor Joseph Bryan John Halas Borden Mace Philip Stapp Lothar Wolff; |
| Starring | Gordon Heath Maurice Denham |
| Music by | Matyas Seiber |
| Cinematography | S.G. Griffiths J. Gurr W. Taylor R. Turk |
| Distributed by | Associated British-Pathé Limited Louis de Rochement Associates |
| Release date(s) | January 1955 |
| Running time | 80 minutes |
| Country |  United Kingdom |
| Language | English |
| IMDb profile | |
Animal Farm is a 1954 British animated feature based on the popular book by George Orwell. It was the first British animated feature released worldwide, but it was by no means the first British animated feature ever made (that honour goes to Handling Ships, an instructional film for the Admiralty made in 1945). It can, however, be said to be the first British animated feature film on general release. It was quietly commissioned, along with the 1954 BBC television production of Nineteen Eighty-Four, by the CIA.[1]
Contents |
[edit] Plot
The film generally follows the book closely, with the exception of the ending (see the section headed Epilogue).
Following the return of a drunken Mr. Jones to Manor Farm, the pig Old Major calls a meeting of all the animals. He tells them to revolt against Jones and to take control of the farm for themselves, calling for a life of equality and prosperity. Following his death that night, the two pigs Napoleon and Snowball assume command and the animals force Jones from the farm.
The revolutionaries destroy everything that reminds them of Jones and declare his house off-limits. Taking control, they rename the farm "Animal Farm", painting the commandments on the side of a barn. The animals begin to work the farm for themselves, and the fields yield a successful crop. The pigs decide to spread the news of Animal Farm to other farms, encouraging their downtrodden kin to rise up against their masters. Snowball attempts to educate the animals and draws up plans for a windmill to generate electricity. Napoleon, backed by dogs that he has raised from puppies, drives Snowball from the farm (and most likely has him killed). He, along with his assistant Squealer, takes complete control of the farm, claims the windmill's plans for himself, and orders the commencement of work on the windmill.
There is little food available to the other animals, but the pigs have plenty. Boxer the horse and his friend Benjamin the donkey work long hours helping to build the windmill, and later discover the pigs sleeping in beds in Jones' house; the commandment against beds has been changed on the barn accordingly. The farm, under Napoleon's leadership, begins to trade with the outside world, represented by Mr Whymper. Squealer tells the chickens that their eggs will be taken as trade goods, contradicting what they were told by Old Major. They attempt to revolt but are caught by the pigs. In a scene reminiscent of Stalin's purges, the chickens (along with a sheep and a goose) confess their 'crimes' and are killed by the dogs. Their blood is used to edit one of the commandments.
The revolutionary song is forbidden by Napoleon, and trade continues. The other farmers become jealous of Whymper and attempt to seize Animal Farm. A battle ensues during which Boxer is shot in the leg, and from which the animals emerge triumphant. In the meantime, however Jones blows up the windmill. During the winter, the animals rebuild the windmill whilst the pigs languish in the farmhouse. Boxer's health deteriorates until one night, when during a storm he collapses. A van, apparently an ambulance, arrives to take Boxer away, but turns out to be from Whymper's glue factory. The pigs receive a case of whiskey in payment, and Squealer delivers a phony eulogy. The animals realize that the pigs have betrayed the revolution and used it for their own ends, but are subdued by the dogs.
Years afterwards, Napoleon's schemes have proven so successful that other farms (or rather, their pig leaders) have joined his cause. During a meeting of the pigs, Benjamin the donkey discovers that they intend to suck the other animals completely dry with even more work and less food, and he stirs and leads a multi-farm revolution against Napoleon and his cohorts. The dogs are too drunk and tired to fight, making the revolt easier, and Napoleon and the other pig leaders perish with the other animals looking over their victory.
[edit] Differences between the book and the film
- Benjamin is portrayed differently in this film than he is in the novel. He still is a grumpy old donkey, but leads the animals during the 2nd revolution, and also works together with Boxer when he works late hours. In the novel, this never occurs.
- Boxer never makes use of any of his mottoes in the film.
- In this film Mr Whymper is a salesman who starts trading with the pigs. He also owns the glue factory to which Boxer is sent.
- In this film, Mr Jones presumably dies when he blows up the windmill. In the novel, Mr Frederick's men blew up the windmill and Jones dies in an inebriates' home at the end.
- In this film, the animals realize the pigs' true aims in Boxer's death.
- Old Major dies immediately after telling the animals about his dream instead of after three days, as in the novel.
- Moses the Raven and his tales of Sugarcandy Mountain are completely left out of the film.
- There are only six Commandments in this film.
- In this film it is implied that Snowball is killed instead of banished as in the novel.
- In the novel the pigs make a habit of trading with humans when they need building materials and other things that are not available on the farm. In this film, they start trading with Mr. Whymper when Napoleon runs out of jams and jellies that were left behind when Mr. Jones was expelled.
- Mr. Frederick and Mr. Pilkington's roles are reduced.
- Squealer is not as prominent in this film as he is in the novel.
- At the end of the film, Benjamin sees the pigs 'transform' into Jones, whilst in the book Clover saw it happen.
- Clover and Muriel don't have much of a part in the film as they do in the book as in the film, the narrator states the changes to the commandments.
- The song 'Beast of England' is cut out completely when in the book, Old Major teaches the song to the other animals and in the film, the song is replaced with a nameless instrumental tune consisting lots of animal noises.
- Napoleon and Squealer drink the milk in the film, but in the novel only Napoleon does
- Jones did not fight in the battle of the windmill in the film
- Napoleon never urinated on the windmill plans in the film
- "Four legs good, two legs bad" only used once
[edit] Epilogue
In Orwell's original book, the animals simply look on in dismay as they come to realise that the pigs have become nothing better than the human masters of old.
In a stark departure from Orwell's book, the film ends immediately after this iconic image with the animals revolting against the pigs. John Halas, one half of the directing team, later reflected that the film needed the happier ending of counter-revolution, as it rewarded the audience for their emotional investment. However, in recent years evidence has come to light suggesting that the CIA covertly funded the film.[citation needed] If this is the case, then an ending showing counter-revolutionary forces would have been desirable.
The animation historian Brian Sibley[2] doubts that the team responsible were aware of the source of the funding. However as Halas & Batchelor had produced propaganda and information films prior to Animal Farm, it seems reasonable the film could have been commissioned as propaganda against communism.[citation needed]
[edit] CIA Involvement
Shortly after Orwell's death in 1950, Carleton Alsop and Finis Farr, employees of the CIA's Psychological Warfare Workshop, were dispatched by their overseer Howard Hunt to meet Orwell's widow Sonia and discuss the film rights to Animal Farm. Sonia was convinced to sign over the rights, having first secured a meeting with her hero Clark Gable.[3]
Hunt then secured the services of Louis de Rochemont, a producer who could work as a front for the CIA. De Rochemont began working on the film on 15 November 1951, liaising with Hunt and using CIA funds provided by Alsop and Farr. Orwell's publisher Fredric Warburg, himself closely involved with the CIA's Congress for Cultural Freedom, observed the production closely, visiting the studio several times in 1952-3. The screenplay was closely supervised by the Psychological Strategy Board. The CIA went on to distribute the film throughout the world.[4]
[edit] Critical response
Much of the pre-release promotion for the film in the UK focused on it being a British film instead of a product of the Hollywood studios. The film critic C. A. Lejeune wrote at the time: "I salute "Animal Farm" as a fine piece of work ... [the production team] have made a film for the eye, ear, heart and mind".[5] In recent years, Matyas Seiber's score and Maurice Denham's vocal talents have been praised specifically (Denham provided every voice and animal noise in the film). The animation style has been described as "Disney-turned-serious".[6]
Some criticism was levelled at the altered ending, with one paper reporting: "Orwell would not have liked this one change, with its substitution of commonplace propaganda for his own reticent, melancholy satire".[6]
To coincide with the film's release, a comic strip version was serialised in newspapers, drawn by Harold Whitaker, one of the animators.
[edit] Rating
When first released, the British Board of Film Classification gave this film a rating certificate of "X" (the same category is now now "18") prohibiting anyone under 18 from seeing the film, presumably due to its implied violence and political themes. The film has since been re-classified as "U" (Universal), suitable for all audiences.
[edit] References
- ^ Frances Stonor Saunders, Who Paid the Piper?: The CIA and the Cultural Cold War. London: Granta, 2000. ISBN 1-86207-327-9.
- ^ Sibley, Brian. Audio commentary on UK 2003 'Special Edition' DVD release of Animal Farm, ASIN B00009MGK2
- ^ Stonor Saunders, Frances. Who Paid the Piper?: The CIA and the Cultural Cold War. London, 2000: Granta. pp. 293-4.
- ^ Stonor Saunders, Frances. Who Paid the Piper?: The CIA and the Cultural Cold War. London, 2000: Granta. pp. 294-5.
- ^ Lejeune, C. A. "At the films: Pig Business", The Observer, January 1955.
- ^ a b Author unknown, "Animal Farm" on the screen", The Manchester Guardian, 1955.
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