Angolan Portuguese

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Angolan Portuguese (Português Angolano in Portuguese) is a variety of Portuguese used mostly in Angola. It is an official and national language. It is generally used in Angola by 80% of all residents, which 60% of the inhabitants, with around 7.5 million first-language speakers.^{[citation needed]}

[edit] History

Portuguese was inherited from Portuguese colonization of Africa. Portuguese, although spoken earlier, has largely entered Angola during the 19th century, after the division of Africa between the former colonial powers (Portugal, Spain, France, Belgium, Germany, and England). For the Africans to be considered Portuguese, they had to be Roman Catholics and speak Portuguese. These conditions made a rush between Africans to speak proper Portuguese, thus a local variant did not arise, and a competition between the rival tribes had arisen to provide their children the best education along with speaking the best Portuguese, which is still common today. The local languages came to be viewed as inferior by both colonizers and locals. In the late 20th century, Portuguese became an instrument for independence, as it was perfectly spoken by the African native and political elite, becoming a symbol of national identity unifying the various rival tribes for the same goal--independence. Portuguese is still seen as something that unifies Angola. The government relies on it because it is a widely spoken, unifying element, as well as being a widely spoken international language.

[edit] Phonology

In many ways, compared to Brazilian Portuguese, Angolan Portuguese is very similar. Although Angolans hear a dialect somewhat similar to their own when watching Brazilian soap operas, the population still prefers to learn European Portuguese; and due to the fact that European Portuguese is the preferred pronunciation, it has become a transitional dialect somewhat midway between the European and Brazilian varieties. In its phonology, Angolan Portuguese is not influenced very much by the local languages. The standard phonology in Angola is the European standard, like in Portugal and the rest of Africa. But there are some phonological features similar to Brazilian dialect, like /nh/ is pronounced as a nasal palatal approximant [^~j] which nasalizes the vowel that precedes it and dropping of word-final /r/ ([ɾ] and [ʁ]), especially for people who speak Portuguese as their second language. It is also commonly seen as the African accent of Portuguese, and when dubbing an African character in cartoons and TV and film productions, Portuguese usually mimic an Angolan accent.

[edit] Lexicon

Although most of the vocabulary is the same as in Portugal or Brazil, there are some differences. This is due to the influence of several African languages spoken in Angola. Each area has different lexicon originating from the distinctive languages. In the capital, Luanda, a very standard Portuguese is spoken, and tribal culture and languages are practically nonexistent. Still, there are several Kimbundu influences. This lexicon is not used in documents or business, for example, as it is mostly seen as slang, but there are exceptions. Most of this lexicon is mostly used by younger Angolans and Portuguese, similarly to younger African-Americans in the US.

Younger Luandese, whose practically only language is Portuguese, have even a wider variety of lexicon. It does not correspond to a dialect, but a socialect. Because it is so odd and because of immigration, there is a tendency also to use in Portugal by the younger generations. Angolans in Lisbon also have a tendency to create new words for use socially and as group expressions--such that even newcomers from Angola will not understand. The newcomers are known as exportados ("the exported ones").

The following list has Luandese followed by Standard Portuguese:

• está anduta - está fácil (it is easy)
• apanhar uma tona - apanhar uma bebedeira (to get drunk)
• kota - velho (older person): it is originally a respectful word and still so between Angolans, but younger Portuguese use it as a slang for older people, sometimes kindly, but often offensively (for example the word old geezer
• iofé - feio (ugly) (may be a Portuguese inversed sland, see verlan)
• nboa - mulher (women)
• piô, candengue - criança
• pitéu - comida (food) Between Portuguese it means tasteful food
• latona - mulata (mulatto women)
• mboio - comboio (an abbreviation for train)
• tape - televisão (television)
• bila, bilau - camisa (shirt)
• bóter - carro (car)

[edit] Loanwords

Many words of Angolan origin have reached other countries or regions where Portuguese is used. Some of these words include: bunda (ass), farra (wild party), fubá (sort of maize flour), moleque (kid), samba, and several others. Also included are words not native to other regions like: kizomba, kilapanda, kilapanga, ngoma, and kuduro. But regardless of the loanwords from Bantu languages in the lexicon, it must not be considered a Portuguese Creole because grammar and lexicon are truly Portuguese-based. Angolan and Brazilian dialects are similar in terms of loanwords since many African slaves to Brazil were brought from Angola. Angolan Portuguese has had a large influence on the vernacular of the younger population in Portugal, contributing significant amounts of lexicon. Such lexicon includes: bazar (to go away/home), garina (girl), bumbar (locally changed to bombar; "working" in Angola, "partying" in Portugal), farra (party in Angola; wild party in Portugal), bué (many, a lot), iá (yes), and numerous other examples. This lexicon reached Portugal in the decolonisation period, 1970s, when Portugal became influenced by returning Portuguese Angolans (Retornados in Portuguese) and some African-Angolans [(Africanos de Angola in Portuguese) who were loyal to Portuguese], who brought their distinctive lifestyle and culture from Africa.

[edit] Dialects

Angolans have retained features of Old Portuguese and have become influenced by African languages. Luanda has the most variety known of Portuguese in Angola: phonetically, vowels tend to be open: dedo (finger) is pronounced [dɛdu] while it is [dedu] in standard Portuguese. This always occurs with the popular parlance and occasionally in cultivated Luandese Portuguese. Another feature is the excessive use of lhe substituting other forms, example: O frango, comeram-lhe (The Chicken, they ate) instead of Eles comeram o frango (they ate the chicken) or even A Maria, lhe bateram (Mary, they beat her) instead of Bateram na Maria (They beat Maria) or "A Maria, Bateram-na (Mary, they beat her).

With origin in Kimbundu, a second language for several people, there is an exotic popular grammar use, and unlike the first it doesn't occur anywhere else: A Maria é mais nova da Inês (Mary is younger of Agnes) instead of A Maria é mais nova que a Inês (Mary is younger than Agnes).

Another local use is the use given to the word só (only) to emphasize the verb: Anda só! (come on!) instead of just Anda!.

The similarity among the Angolan, European, and Brazilian Portuguese dialects contrasts with the lack of mutual intelligibility that exists in Arabic between the standard variety and its various local dialects.

[edit] See also

• São Tomean Portuguese
• Kimbundu
• Arabic
• Varieties of Arabic

[edit] External links

• Particularidades Lingüísticas no Português de Angola