Portal:Ancient Near East/Topics

Ancient Near East, ca. 3000 BC

Ancient Near East

• History: Short chronology timeline
• Cities: Cities of the ancient Near East
• Assyriology: Cuneiform script • Classical authorities on the ancient Near East • Modern discovery of the ancient Near East • Chronology of the ancient Near East

History of Mesopotamia

Sumer (ca. 5300 – 1940 BC)

• Ubaid period (ca. 5300 – 4100 BC)
  
• Uruk period (ca. 4100 – 2900 BC)

Proto-Elamite period (ca. 3200 – 2700 BC)

Predynastic Egypt (before ca. 3100 BC)
Protodynastic Period (ca. 3200 – 3000 BC)

(Sumer)

• Early dynastic period (ca. 2900 – 2334 BC)

Uruk area, ca. 2350 BC

• History: History of Sumer
• Language: Sumerian language
• Cities: Eridu • Kish • Uruk • Ur • Lagash • Ngirsu • Nippur
• People: Meskalamdug • Puabi • Mesilim
  • Rulers: Sumerian king list:
    En-me-barage-si • Mesh-Ane-pada • En-shag-kush-ana • Ur-Nanshe • Eannatum • Entemena • Urukagina • Lugal-Ane-mundu • Kug-Bau • Lugal-zage-si • Gudea • Utu-hengal • Ur-Namma • Shulgi
  • Legendary heroes: Alulim • Dumuzid • Etana • Enmerkar • Lugalbanda • Gilgamesh

Old Elamite period (ca. 2700 – 1700 BC)

Elam

• Language: Elamite language • Elamite cuneiform
• Cities: Anshan • Susa • Chogha Zanbil

Early Dynastic Period of Egypt (ca. 3150 – 2686 BC)
Old Kingdom (ca. 2686 – 2134 BC).

Sumerian legacy to Mesopotamia and the ancient Near East:

• Literature:
  • Sumerian literature: Sumerian creation myth • Enmerkar and the Lord of Aratta • Epic of Gilgamesh
  • Babylonian literature: Enuma Elish • Atra-Hasis • Epic of Gilgamesh
• Art and architecture: Cylinder seal • Stele • E (temple) • Ziggurat
• Law: Cuneiform law
• Mythology: Mesopotamian mythology • Babylonian mythology • Assyro-Babylonian religion
  • Deities: the Anunna, the Anunnaki: An • Enlil • Enki/Ea • Ninhursanga/Ki • Marduk • Ashur • Inana/Ishtar • Ninlil • Utu/Shamash • Nanna/Sin • Ninurta/Ningirsu

Akkad (ca. 2334 – 2147 BC)

Akkadian Empire, ca. 2250 BC

• Language: Akkadian language
• Cities: Akkad • Mari
• People: Sargon of Akkad • En-hedu-ana • Naram-Suen

Lullubi (ca. 22nd century BC)
(Old Elamite period)

Hattians (ca. 22nd – 17th century BC)

Hatti

• Language: Hattic language

Ebla (ca. 2300 BC)

• Language: Eblaite language

Gutium (ca. 2147 – 2050 BC)

• History: Gutian dynasty of Sumer

(Old Elamite period)

First Intermediate Period (ca. 2160 – 2055 BC)

(Sumer)

• Third Dynasty of Ur (ca. 2047 – 1940 BC)

Middle Kingdom of Egypt (ca. 2055 – 1640 BC)

Amorites (ca. 1953 – 1531 BC)

• Language: Amorite language
• Cities: Isin • Larsa
  • Babylonia (ca. 1728 – 1531 BC)

Babylonia, ca. 1728 – 1686 BC

• • • History: First Babylonian Dynasty
    • Cities: Babylon
    • People: List of Kings of Babylon:
      Hammurabi
    • Law: Babylonian law • Code of Hammurabi
    • Science: Babylonian astronomy • Babylonian mathematics

Babylonia and Assyria
Assyria

• Old kingdom (ca. 1745 – BC)
• Middle kingdom (ca. 1353 – BC)
• Cities: Assur • Nimrud • Nineveh
• People: Kings of Assyria:
  Shamshi-Adad I • Tiglath-Pileser I
• Law: Assyrian law

Hittites (ca. 1700 – 1178 BC)

Hittite Empire, ca. 1590 – 1300 BC

• History: History of the Hittites: Battle of Kadesh • Battle of Nihriya
• Language and literature: Hittite language • Anatolian languages • Hittite texts
• Cities: Hattusa • Neša
• People: List of Hittite kings:
  Labarna I • Mursili I • Hattusili I • Tudhaliya I • Arnuwanda I • Tudhaliya II • Suppiluliuma I • Mursili II • Muwatalli II • Mursili III • Hattusili III • Tudhaliya IV
• Mythology: Hittite mythology

Hurrians (ca. 18th – 13th century BC)

Mitanni

• Language: Hurrian language • Hurro-Urartian languages
• History: Mitanni

Kassites (ca. 1650 – 1155 BC)

• Art: Kudurru boundary stones

Middle Elamite period (ca. 1500 – 1100 BC)

Canaan

• History: Hyksos • Battle of Megiddo
• Language: Canaanite languages
• Cities: Jericho • History of Jerusalem

Second Intermediate Period (Hyksos, ca. 1648 – 1540 BC)

Ugarit (ca. 1450 – 1200 BC)

• Language: Ugaritic language • Ugaritic alphabet
• Literature: Danel • Baal cycle

New Kingdom (ca. 1570 – 1070 BC)

• Amarna letters (ca. 1360 – 1332 BC)

Neo-Elamite period (ca. 1100 – 539 BC)

Syro-Hittite states (ca. 1178 – ca. 700 BC)

Syro-Hittite states, ca. 800 BC

• Groups: Luwians

(Canaan:)

• Phoenicia (ca. 1200 – 65 BC)
  • Language: Phoenician language • Phoenician alphabet
  • Cities: Tyre • Sidon • Byblos

Aramaeans (ca. 1250 BC – 7th century AD)

• Language: Aramaic language
• Cities: Damascus

Third Intermediate Period (ca. 1070 – 664 BC)

Neo-Assyrian Empire (ca. 911 – 612 BC)

Neo-Assyrian Empire, 750 – 625 BC

• Cities: Nimrud • Dur-Sharrukin • Nineveh
• Kings: Adad-nirari II • Ashurnasirpal II • Shalmaneser III • Adad-nirari III • Tiglath-Pileser III • Sargon II • Sennacherib • Esarhaddon • Ashurbanipal

(Neo-Elamite period)
Mannaeans (ca. 850 – 616 BC)
Ancient Iranian peoples:

• Religion: Zoroastrianism
• Medes (ca. 836 – 500 BC)

Median and Neo-Babylonian empires, ca. 600 BC

• • Cities: Ecbatana

Urartu (ca. 850 – ca. 640 BC)

Urartu, 8th century BC

• Language: Urartian language • Hurro-Urartian languages

(Canaan:)

• Ancient Israel and Judah (see also the Jewish history project and the Bible portal)

Neo-Babylonian Empire (626 – 539 BC)

• History: Chaldea • Babylonian Chronicles
• People: Nabopolassar • Nebuchadrezzar II

Median and Neo-Babylonian empires, ca. 600 BC

(<<Neo-Babylonian Empire)

Late Period of Egypt (ca. 672 – 332 BC)

Achaemenid Empire, 500 BC

(Ancient Iranian peoples:)

• Achaemenid Empire (553 – 330 BC)
  • Cities: Persepolis
  • People: Cyrus the Great • Darius I of Persia • Xerxes I of Persia

• First Persian Period (ca. 525 – 402 BC)
• Second Persian Period (ca. 343 – 332 BC)