Analog multiplier

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In electronics, an analog multiplier is a device which takes two analog signals and produces an output which is their product. Such circuits can be used to implement related functions such as squares (apply same signal to both inputs), and square roots.

An electronic analog multiplier can be called by several names, depending on the function it is used to serve (see analog multiplier applications).

1 Voltage-controlled amplifier versus analog multiplier
2 Analog multiplier devices
3 Decline of the analog multiplier
4 Analog multiplier applications

[edit] Voltage-controlled amplifier versus analog multiplier

If one input of an analog multiplier is held at a steady state voltage, a signal at the second input will be scaled in proportion to the level on the fixed input. In this case the analog multiplier may be considered to be a voltage controlled amplifier. Obvious applications would be for electronic volume control and automatic gain control. Although analog multipliers are often used for such applications, voltage-controlled amplifiers are not necessarily true analog multipliers. For example, an integrated circuit designed to be used as a volume control may have a signal input designed for 1 Vp-p, and a control input designed for 0-5 V dc; that is, the two inputs are not symmetrical and the control input will have a limited bandwidth.

By contrast, in what is generally considered to be a true analog multiplier, the two signal inputs have identical characteristics. Applications specific to a true analog multiplier are those where both inputs are signals, for example in a frequency mixer or an analog circuit to implement a discrete Fourier transform.

A four-quadrant multiplier is one where inputs and outputs may swing positive and negative. Many multipliers only work in 2 quadrants (one input may only have one polarity), or single quadrant (inputs and outputs have only one polarity, usually all positive).

[edit] Analog multiplier devices

Most analog multiplier circuits are incorporated into integrated circuits designed for specific application functions, such as a true RMS converter, but a number of general purpose analog multiplier building blocks are available such as the AD834 device (called Four Quadrant Multiplier) from Analog Devices. General-purpose devices will usually include attenuators or amplifiers on the inputs or outputs in order to allow the signal to be scaled within the voltage limits of the circuit.

Although analog multiplier circuits are very similar to operational amplifiers, they are far more susceptible to noise and offset voltage-related problems as these errors may become multiplied. When dealing with high frequency signals, phase-related problems may be quite complex. For this reason, manufacturing wide-range general-purpose analog multipliers is far more difficult than ordinary operational amplifiers, and such devices are typically produced using specialist technologies and laser trimming, as are those used for high-performance amplifiers such as instrumentation amplifiers. This means they have a relatively high cost and so they are generally used only for circuits where they are indispensable.

[edit] Decline of the analog multiplier

In most cases the functions performed by an analog multiplier may be performed better and at lower cost using Digital Signal Processing techniques. At low frequencies a digital solution is cheaper and more effective, and allows the circuit function to be modified in firmware. As frequencies rise, the cost of implementing digital solutions increases much more steeply than for analog solutions. As digital technology advances, the use of analog multipliers tends to be ever more marginalised towards higher-frequency circuits or very specialist applications.

In addition, most signals are now destined to become digitised sooner or later in the signal path, and if at all possible the functions that would require a multiplier tend to be moved to the digital side. For example, in early digital multimeters, true RMS functions were provided by external analog multiplier circuits. Nowadays (with the exception of high-frequency measurements) the tendency is to increase the sampling rate of the ADC in order to digitise the input signal allowing RMS and a whole range of other functions to be carried out by a digital processor.

In addition, digitally controlled resistors allow microcontrollers to implement many functions such as tone control and AGC without having to process the digitised signal directly.