User:AlphaEta/Sandbox

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Tetrachloroethene PCE → Trichloroethene TCE → 1,2-Dichloroethene 1,2-DCE → Vinyl chloride VC → Ethene

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Because the OP was allowed a soapbox moment to belittle the risk of contracting HIV, I request that the same luxury be afforded to me. According to UNAIDS, 2007 saw 1.7 million new cases of HIV in sub-Saharan Africa (this staggering number is actually much improved from 2001). Multiple studies conducted in the 1980's and 1990's indicated that approximately 80% of new HIV infections in Africa are the result of heterosexual contact.[1], [2], [3] If this is true, then 1.36 million people acquired this disease via heterosexual contact. More recently, researchers have suggested that perhaps the percentage of infection acquired through heterosexual encounters was overstated. [4] For the sake of argument, let's say only 40% of new cases in Africa are the result of heterosexual encounters. This still means that 170,000 people with a newly acquired illness that is terminal and incurable. Further, there has been significant difficulty getting antiretrovirals and other medicines to the infected in this region of the world. I'm not making a statment on the use of circumcision to reduce transmission. I'm just saying that perhaps the argument you've mounted undestates the number of lives affected by this disease. Kindest regards,

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Tangipahoa River
Map of the Tangipahoa River, LA
Country	United States
States	Mississippi, Louisiana
County/Parish	Pike County Amite County Lincoln County Tangipahoa Parish
Major cities	Osyka, Mississippi Kentwood, Louisiana Amite, Louisiana, Hammond, Louisiana
Length	110 mi (177 km)
Source	Little Tangipahoa River
- location	Osyka, Pike County, Mississippi
- coordinates	31°06′29″N 90°28′32″W / 31.10806, -90.47556
- elevation	269 ft (82 m)
Mouth	Lake Pontchartrain
- location	Southeast Ponchatoula, Tangipahoa Parish, Louisiana
- coordinates	30°20′12″N 90°16′26″W / 30.33667, -90.27389
- elevation	-3 ft (-1 m)

Tangipahoa River (tan-juh-puh-HO-uh), c.110 mi/177 km long, in Miss. and La.; rises NW of McComb in SW Miss.; flows generally S, through Percy Quin Reservoir, W of McComb, past Osyka, Miss., into SE La., past Tangipahoa and Amite, to L. Pontchartrain.

The Tangipahoa River originates northwest of McComb in southwest Mississippi and runs south 110 mi miles through the Percy Quin Reservoir before passing into southeast Louisiana. Its mouth opens into the northwest region of Lake Pontchartrain.^[1]

Alternate/historical names and spellings:^[2]

• Rio Tanchipaho
• Taensapaoa River
• Tanchipaho River
• Tanchipao River
• Tandgepao River
• Tandgi-pao River
• Tangipaho River
• Tansypaho River
• Tanzipao River
• Taugipahoa River
• Tuckepaw River
• Big Tangipahoa River

Contents 1 References 2 External links 2.1 Epidemiology of GI infection 3 Antibiotic therapy and resistance 3.1 Extended spectrum beta-lactamase 4 Noxious weeds in the United States 5 Management 6 References 7 Invasive species 8 Native species 9 Registrars if the United States Treasury 10 Notes 11 Citations 12 References 13 Story of day box 14 Homepage format

[edit] References

[edit] External links

• USGS Geographic Names Information System - Little Tangipahoa River
• US EPA National Assessment Database
• Army Corps of Engineers Map of the Tickfaw River
• US Army Corps of Engineers River and Harbor Act Projects - New Orleans District

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The Wormley House Agreement was the solution to the contested presidential election of 1876.

In response to threats of violence and filibuster, on Monday Feb 26, 1877, members of the Hayes and Tilden campaigns met secretly at the rooms of Hayes' proponent W.M. Evarts (counsel to the Electoral Commission and later became as Secretary of State in the Hayes Administration) at the Wormley Hotel in Washington D.C. to negotiate a settlement.

It effectively ended the Reconstruction by guaranteeing the removal of Federal troops from Louisiana, South Carolina and Florida.

It was written by Charles Foster, republican of ohio, to John Young Brown, democrat of Kentucky.

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On February 28, when southern Democrats refused to join with plans for a rebellious protest in the House of Representatives over challenges to the seating of disputed South Carolina electors the tide shifted.

House Speaker Samuel J. Randall (D-PA), in a reversal, blocked the protestors, and Hayes’ forces reigned supreme.

Hayes was proclaimed the winner on March 2, 1877 and sworn in at the White House and officially inaugurated as the 19th President of the United States on March 4.

President Hayes promptly ordered troops withdrawn from the South.

But Hayes quickly became stunned and disillusioned at the effect this decision had on black suffrage and other civil rights in the South. Despite extensive congressional investigations, little was revealed about the Wormley conferences.

Recognizing there was some obloquy in the trade, Hayes maintained his denial that he was an actual party to the Wormley Agreement (although his personal papers show beyond a doubt otherwise).

As one historian noted: “In this way was consummated the most spectacular act of injustice in American history . . . a majority of American people believed the decision was wrong, the country has not to this day been convinced that it was right.”

Hayes spent much energy and resources in his later years on the issue of black education.

In one of history’s ironies it is worth noting that the Wormley Hotel was owned and managed by one of the capital’s leading citizens, James Wormley, an African-American entrepreneur, who personally fought against increasing segregation after the Civil War and helped establish the first public school for blacks in Washington, D.C. (Wormley Resolution of July 26, 1871).

When Wormley died in 1884, flags were flown at half-mast and a former chief justice of the U.S. District Court and a former Washington mayor were among the pallbearers.

http://www.agribusinesscouncil.org/wormley.htm

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James Fount Tillman J. Fount Tillman (1854 to March 1899) was the eighth Register of the Treasury during President Grover Cleveland's second term (July 1, 1893 to December 2, 1897). Served one term in the Tennessee State Legislature. Served as the Secretary of the National Farmers' Alliance. Worked for the 1892 electoral campaign of Grover Cleveland. Following public life, Tillman entered private business and spent much time in New York and Washington, DC. Tillman died at the age of 45 in Palmetto, Tennessee, he had three children. .^[1]

Five dollar notes with Tillman's signature were the subject of a large counterfeiting campaign in 1898.^[2]

[5] [6] [7]

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Tickfaw River
Country	United States
State	Mississippi Louisiana
County/Parish	Amite County Tangipahoa Parish St. Helena Parish Livingston Parish
Major city	Killian, Louisiana
Length	105 mi (169 km)
Source	West Branch Tickfaw River
- location	Amite County, Mississippi
- coordinates	310316°N 903738°W / 310316, -903738
- elevation	279 ft (85 m)
Mouth	Lake Maurepas
- location	Killian, Louisiana, Livingston Parish, Louisiana
- coordinates	30°20′36″N 0902827°′″W / <span class="geo-dec geo" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for 30.34333 Expression error: Unexpected / operator">30.34333, Expression error: Unexpected / operator
- elevation	-3 ft (-1 m)

Tickfaw River (TIK-faw), c.105 mi/169 km long, in Miss. and La.; rises in E Amite co., SW Miss.; flows S, into La., past Easleyville and Holden, then SE to Natabulny R., 2 mi/3.2 km NW of its mouth on L. Maurepas.[8]

Tributaries: Blood, Natalbany, and Pontchatoula Rivers

Alternate/historical names and spellings:

Rio De San Vicente Rio De Tickfaw Rio Go Tickfoha Riviere Ticfoha Ticfaw River Tickfah River Tickfaw Creek

[9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18]

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Virotype is a classification based on the array of virulence factors a bacterium possesses (adhesins/toxins, etc...). It also defines the ability of pathogens to interact with mammalian cells or tissues.

"An infrasubspecific classification of a pathogen distinguished from others of the species by its pathogenicity on a specific host(s)."[19]

"pathovar. In bacteria: An infrasubspecific group that can infect only plants within a certain genus or species."[20] ^[3]

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During the Creek War of 1813, Jackson escaped starvation by eating acorns.^[4]

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[edit] Epidemiology of GI infection

Please help improve this section by expanding it. Further information might be found on the talk page or at requests for expansion.

Transmission of pathogenic E. coli often occurs via fecal-oral transmission.^[5][6][7] Common routes of transmission include: unhygienic food preparation,^[5] farm contamination due to manure fertilization,^[8] irrigation with "grey or black" water,^[9] or sewage-contaminated water.^[10]

Dairy and beef cattle are primary reservoirs of E. coli O157:H7,^[11] and they can carry it asymptomatically and shed it in their feces.^[11]

Food products associated with E. coli outbreaks include raw ground beef,^[12] raw seed sprouts or spinach,^[8] raw milk, unpasteurized juice, foods contaminated by infected food workers via fecal-oral route.^[5]

According to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, the fecal-oral cycle of transmission can be disrupted by cooking food properly, preventing cross-contamination, instituting barriers such as gloves for food workers, instituting health care policies so food industry employees seek treatment when they are ill, pasteurization of juice or dairy and proper hand washing requirements.^[5]

Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC) infection, specifically O157:H7, has also been transmitted by flies,^[13][14][15] as well as direct contact with farm animals,^[16][17] petting zoo animals,^[18] or airborne particles in such environments.^[19]

[edit] Antibiotic therapy and resistance

Appropriate treatment depends on the disease and should be guided by laboratory analysis of the antibiotic sensitivities of the infecting strain of E. coli. As Gram-negative organisms, E. coli are resistant to many antibiotics that are effective against Gram-positive organisms. Antibiotics which may be used to treat E. coli infection include (but are not limited to) amoxicillin as well as other semi-synthetic penicillins, many cephalosporins, carbapenems, aztreonam, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, ciprofloxacin, nitrofurantoin and the aminoglycosides. Not all antibiotics are suitable for every disease caused by E. coli, a sensitivity test along with the advice of a physician should be sought.

Antibiotic resistance is a growing problem. Some of this is due to overuse of antibiotics in humans, but some of it is probably due to the use of antibiotics as growth promoters in food of animals.^[20] A study published in the journal Science in August 2007 found that the rate of adaptative mutations in E. coli is "on the order of 10^–5 per genome per generation, which is 1,000 times as high as previous estimates", a finding which may have significance for the study and management of bacterial antibiotic resistance.^[21] E. coli is a frequent member of multispecies biofilms. Some strains are piliated and capable of accepting and transferring plasmids (rings of DNA) from and to other bacteria of the same and different species. E. coli often carry multidrug resistant plasmids and under stress readily transfer those plasmids to other species. Thus E. coli and the other enteroccia are important reservoirs of transferable antibiotic resistance.^[22]

[edit] Extended spectrum beta-lactamase

Resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics has become more serious in recent decades as strains producing extended-spectrum beta-lactamases render many, if not all, of the penicillins and cephalosporins ineffective as therapy. Some strains of E coli may produce an an enzyme called extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL). These extended-spectrum beta-lactamase–producing E. coli are highly resistant to an array of antibiotics and infection is difficult to treat. In many instances, only two oral antibiotics and a very limited group of intravenous antibiotics remain effective. Increased concern about the prevalence of this form of "superbug" in the United Kingdom has led to calls for further monitoring and a UK-wide strategy to deal with infections and the deaths.^[23] Susceptibility testing should guide treatment in all infections in which the organism can be isolated for culture.

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The management of invasive weeds costs USD $??? billion yearly.

[edit] Noxious weeds in the United States

Image	Common name	Species	Other names	Native to / Introduction conditions	Countries affected	Noxious weed	Notes/Citation
	Air potato	Dioscorea bulbifera	Air yam, Bitter yam	Africa, Asia. Introduced to Florida as a horticultural crop in 1905.	U.S. (Florida, Mississippi, Louisiana, Texas)	Yes	Vine which produces bulbils. Some varieties produce bitter, edible bulbils, while others are toxic and contain the steroid diosgenin, which is a principal material used in the manufacture of birth-control pills.[24][25][26]
	Air potato	Dioscorea bulbifera	Air yam, Bitter yam	Africa, Asia. Introduced to Florida as a horticultural crop in 1905.	U.S. (Florida, Mississippi, Louisiana, Texas)	Yes	Vine which produces bulbils. Some varieties produce bitter, edible bulbils, while others are toxic and contain the steroid diosgenin, which is a principal material used in the manufacture of birth-control pills.[27][28][29]

Species	Common name	Other names	States/regions affected	Comments and citations	Description

Image	Common name	Species	Other names	Native to / Introduction conditions	States/Regions Affected	Notes/Citation
	Air potato	Dioscorea bulbifera	Air yam, Bitter yam	Africa, Asia. Introduced to Florida as a horticultural crop in 1905.	Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Texas)	Vine which produces bulbils. Some varieties produce bitter, edible bulbils, while others are toxic and contain the steroid diosgenin, which is a principal material used in the manufacture of birth-control pills.[30][31][32]
50px		Aeginetia
50px	crofton weed	Ageratina adenophora		i
50px		Alectra
50px	sessile joyweed	Alternanthera sessilis		i
50px	onionweed	Asphodelus fistulosus		i
50px	animated oat	Avena sterilis		i
50px	mosquito fern	Azolla pinnata		i
50px		Carthamus oxyacanthus	wild safflower (orthographic variant)	i
50px		Caulerpa taxifolia		i
50px	pilipiliula	Chrysopogon aciculatus		i
50px	Benghal dayflower	Commelina benghalensis		i
50px	common crupina	Crupina vulgaris		i
50px	dodder	Cuscuta
50px		Digitaria abyssinica		i
50px	African couch grass	Digitaria scalarum
50px	velvet fingergrass	Digitaria velutina		i
50px	anchored waterhyacinth	Eichhornia azurea		i
50px	three-cornered jack	Emex australis		i
50px	devil's thorn	Emex spinosa		i
50px	goatsrue	Galega officinalis		i
50px	giant hogweed	Heracleum mantegazzianum		i
50px	hydrilla	Hydrilla verticillata		i
50px	Miramar weed	Hygrophila polysperma		i
50px	Brazilian satintail	Imperata brasiliensis		i
50px	cogongrass	Imperata cylindrica		i
50px	Chinese waterspinach	Ipomoea aquatica		i
50px	murain-grass	Ischaemum rugosum		i
50px	ambulia	Limnophila sessiliflora		i
50px		Lycium ferocissimum	African boxthorn (orthographic variant)	i
50px	melaleuca	Melaleuca quinquenervia		i
50px		Melastoma malabathricum		i
50px	mile-a-minute	Mikania micrantha		native
50px		Mimosa diplotricha		invasive
50px	giant sensitive plant	Mimosa invisa		i?
50px		Mimosa pellita		native
50px	catclaw mimosa	Mimosa pigra		n?
50px	pickerel weed	Monochoria vaginalis		i
50px	serrated tussock	Nassella trichotoma		invasive
50px	broomrape	Orobanche
50px	red rice	Oryza rufipogon		invasive
50px	duck-lettuce	Ottelia alismoides		i
50px	Kodo-millet	Paspalum scrobiculatum		i
50px	kikuyugrass	Pennisetum clandestinum		i
50px	African feathergrass	Pennisetum macrourum		i
50px	kyasuma-grass	Pennisetum pedicellatum		i
50px		Pennisetum polystachion	missiongrass (orthographic variant)	i
50px	Syrian mesquite	Prosopis farcta		i
50px	kiawe	Prosopis pallida		i
50px	tornillo	Prosopis reptans		n
50px	Argentine screwbean	Prosopis strombulifera		i
50px		Prosopis velutina		n
50px	velvet mesquite	Prosopis articulata
50px	itchgrass	Rottboellia cochinchinensis		i
50px	wild sugarcane	Saccharum spontaneum		i
50px	wormleaf salsola	Salsola vermiculata		i
50px	giant salvinia	Salvinia auriculata		i
50px	giant salvinia	Salvinia molesta		i
50px		Setaria pumila	ssp. pallidefusca cattail grass (orthographic variant)	i
50px	wetland nightshade	Solanum tampicense		i
50px	turkeyberry	Solanum torvum		i
50px	tropical soda apple	Solanum viarum		i
50px	exotic bur-reed	Sparganium erectum		n
50px	witchweed	Striga
50px	coat buttons	Tridax procumbens		i
50px	liverseed grass	Urochloa panicoides		i

from [21]

[edit] Management

[edit] References

Image	Common name	Species	Other names	Native to / Introduction conditions	States/Regions Affected	Notes/Citation
50px	alfombrilla	Drymaria arenarioides		cultivated
50px	oxygen weed	Lagarosiphon major		cultivated
50px	Asian sprangletop	Leptochloa chinensis		cultivated
50px	mile-a-minute	Mikania cordata		cultivated
50px	monochoria	Monochoria hastata		cultivated
50px	jointed prickly pear	Opuntia aurantiaca		cultivated
50px	red rice	Oryza longistaminata		cultivated
50px	red rice	Oryza punctata		cultivated
50px	mesquite	Prosopis ferox		c
50px	mesquite	Prosopis fiebrigii		c
50px	mesquite	Prosopis hassleri		c
50px	mesquite	Prosopis humilis		c
50px	mesquite	Prosopis kuntzei		c
50px	mesquite	Prosopis palmeri		c
50px	mesquite	Prosopis rojasiana		c
50px	mesquite	Prosopis ruizlealii		c
50px	mesquite	Prosopis ruscifolia		c
50px	mesquite	Prosopis sericantha		c
50px	mesquite	Prosopis torquata		c
50px	wild blackberry complex	Rubus fruticosus		c
50px	wild blackberry	Rubus moluccanus		c
50px	arrowhead	Sagittaria sagittifolia		c
50px	borreria	Spermacoce alata		c

[edit] Invasive species

Anchusa arvensisAnchusa officinalisAnredera cordifoliaAnthemis arvensisAnthemis cotulaAnthriscus sylvestrisAraujia sericiferaArctium minusArctotheca calendulaArdisia ellipticaArtemisia absinthiumArthraxon hispidus Arundo donaxAsphodelus fistulosusAvena sterilisAzolla pinnata Bassia scoparia Kochia scoparia Berberis thunbergiiBerberis vulgarisBerteroa incana Brachypodium sylvaticumBromus racemosusBromus secalinusBromus tectorumBryonia albaBuddleja davidiiButomus umbellatusCallitriche stagnalisCalystegia sepiumCalystegia sepiumssp. sepium Cannabis sativaCardamine impatiensCardaria chalepensis Cardaria drabaCardaria pubescens Carduus acanthoidesCarduus crispusCarduus nutansCarduus pycnocephalusCarduus tenuiflorusCarex kobomugi Carthamus lanatusCarthamus lanatusssp. creticus Carthamus leucocaulosCarthamus oxyacanthus Carum carviCaulerpa taxifoliaCelastrus orbiculatusCentaurea calcitrapaCentaurea diffusaCentaurea iberica]] Centaurea jaceaCentaurea macrocephala Centaurea melitensisCentaurea nigra Centaurea nigrescensCentaurea solstitialisCentaurea stoebe ssp. micranthos Centaurea sulphureaCentaurea virgataCentaurea virgatassp. squarrosa Cereus hildmannianus Chaenorhinum minus Chondrilla junceaChorispora tenellaChrysopogon aciculatus Cichorium intybusCirsium arvenseCirsium vulgareClematis orientalis Clematis vitalbaCnicus benedictusCoccinia grandisCommelina benghalensisConium maculatum Convolvulus arvensisCoronopus squamatus Cortaderia jubataCrupina vulgarisCucumis meloCucumis myriocarpusCupaniopsis anacardioides Cuscuta approximataCuscuta japonica Cuscuta reflexa Cymbopogon refractus Cynanchum louiseaeCynanchum rossicumCynanchum vincetoxicum Cynara cardunculusCynodon dactylonCynoglossum officinaleCyperus rotundusCytisus scopariusCytisus scopariusvar. andreanus Cytisus scopariusvar. scoparius Cytisus striatusDatura stramoniumDaucus carotaDichrostachys cinerea Digitaria abyssinica Digitaria velutina Dioscorea alataDioscorea bulbiferaDipsacus fullonumDipsacus laciniatus Dipsacus sativusEchinochloa crus-galliEchium plantagineumEchium vulgareEgeria densaEichhornia azurea Eichhornia crassipesElaeagnus angustifoliaElaeagnus umbellataElsholtzia ciliataElymus repensEmex australisEmex spinosaEpilobium hirsutumErodium cicutariumEuonymus alatusEuphorbia cyparissiasEuphorbia esulaEuphorbia esulavar. esula Euphorbia myrsinitesEuphorbia oblongataEuphorbia serrataEuphorbia terracina Euryops multifidus Fatoua villosa Festuca filiformis Frangula alnusGalega officinalisGaleopsis tetrahitGalinsoga parvifloraGenista monspessulanaGlaucium flavumGlechoma hederaceaGlossostigma diandrum Glyceria maximaGrevillea banksiiGypsophila paniculataHalimodendron halodendronHalogeton glomeratusHarrisia martinii Hedera helixHedera hibernicaHeracleum mantegazzianumHesperis matronalisHibiscus trionumHieracium aurantiacumHieracium caespitosumHieracium ×floribundum [caespitosum × lactucella] Hieracium glomeratum Hieracium pilosellaHieracium piloselloides Humulus japonicusHydrilla verticillataHydrocharis morsus-ranaeHygrophila polyspermaHyoscyamus nigerHypericum perforatumHypochaeris radicataImpatiens glanduliferaImperata brasiliensis Imperata cylindricaIpomoea aquaticaIpomoea carnea ssp. fistulosa Ipomoea turbinata Iris pseudacorusIsatis tinctoriaIschaemum rugosum Lagascea mollis Lepidium latifoliumLepyrodiclis holosteoides Lespedeza cuneata Leucanthemum vulgareLigustrum obtusifoliumLigustrum ovalifoliumLigustrum vulgareLimnophila indica Limnophila sessilifloraLinaria dalmatica Linaria dalmatica ssp. dalmatica Linaria genistifolia Linaria vulgarisLolium temulentumLonicera ×bella [morrowii × tatarica] Lonicera japonicaLonicera maackiiLonicera morrowiiLonicera tatarica Lonicera xylosteumLudwigia grandiflora ssp. grandiflora Ludwigia grandiflora ssp. hexapetala Lychnis flos-cuculiLycium ferocissimumLygodium japonicum Japanese climbing fern Lygodium microphyllumsmall-leaf climbing fern Lysimachia nummulariacreeping jenny Lysimachia vulgarisgarden yellow loosestrife Lythrum salicariapurple loosestrife Lythrum virgatum European wand loosestrife Marsilea quadrifoliaEuropean waterclover Medicago polymorphaburclover Medinilla venosa holdtight Melaleuca quinquenerviapunktree Melastoma malabathricum Malabar melastome Microstegium vimineumMilium vernale Mimosa diplotrichaMiscanthus floridulus Miscanthus sacchariflorus Amur silvergrass Miscanthus sinensisChinese silvergrass Monochoria vaginalis heartshape false pickerelweed Montanoa hibiscifolia treedaisy Morella fayafiretree Murdannia keisak wartremoving herb Myosotis scorpioidestrue forget-me-not Myriophyllum aquaticumparrot feather watermilfoil Myriophyllum spicatumEurasian watermilfoil Najas minorbrittle waternymph Nardus stricta matgrass Nassella trichotomaserrated tussock Nasturtium microphyllum onerow yellowcress Nasturtium officinalewatercress Neyraudia reynaudiana silkreed Nymphoides peltatayellow floatingheart Ononis alopecuroides foxtail restharrow Onopordum acanthiumScotch cottonthistle Onopordum illyricumIllyrian cottonthistle Onopordum tauricumbull cottonthistle Ornithogalum umbellatumsleepydick Orobanche minor hellroot Orobanche ramosa hemp broomrape Oryza rufipogonbrownbeard rice Oryza sativarice Ottelia alismoides ducklettuce Oxyspora paniculata bristletips Paederia cruddasiana sewer vine Paederia foetida stinkvine Panicum antidotaleblue panicum Panicum miliaceumbroomcorn millet Panicum repens torpedo grass I? Papaver somniferumopium poppy Paspalum scrobiculatum kodomillet Passiflora bicornis wingleaf passionflower Passiflora tripartita var. mollissima banana passionflower Pastinaca sativawild parsnip Paulownia tomentosaPeganum harmalaharmal peganum Pennisetum ciliarebuffelgrass Pennisetum clandestinumkikuyugrass Pennisetum macrourum African feathergrass Pennisetum pedicellatum Kyasuma grass Pennisetum polystachion mission grass Pennisetum setaceumcrimson fountaingrass Phellodendron amurenseAmur corktree Phyllanthus tenellus Mascarene Island leaf-flower Phyllanthus urinariachamber bitter Pittosporum undulatumAustralian cheesewood Plantago lanceolatanarrowleaf plantain Poa compressa Canada bluegrass Polygonum cuspidatumJapanese knotweed Polygonum perfoliatumAsiatic tearthumb Polygonum polystachyum cultivated knotweed Polygonum sachalinense giant knotweed Populus albawhite poplar Portulaca oleracealittle hogweed Potamogeton crispuscurly pondweed Potentilla recta sulphur cinquefoil Prosopis farcta Syrian mesquite Prosopis julifloramesquite Prosopis pallidakiawe Prosopis strombulifera Argentine screwbean Pueraria montanakudzu Pueraria montanavar. lobata kudzu Pueraria phaseoloides tropical kudzu Ranunculus ficariafig buttercup Ranunculus repenscreeping buttercup Rhamnus catharticacommon buckthorn Rhodomyrtus tomentosus rose myrtle Rorippa amphibia great yellowcress Rorippa austriaca Austrian yellowcress Rorippa sylvestriscreeping yellowcress Rosa multifloramultiflora rose Rosa rugosarugosa rose Rottboellia cochinchinensis itchgrass Rubus armeniacusHimalayan blackberry Rubus ellipticus var. obcordatus yellow Himalayan raspberry Rubus niveussnowpeaks raspberry Rubus phoenicolasiuswine raspberry [Rubus sieboldii]] palmleaf dewberry Rumex acetosellacommon sheep sorrel Rumex crispuscurly dock Saccharum spontaneumwild sugarcane Salsola collina slender Russian thistle Salsola kaliRussian thistle Salsola paulsenii barbwire Russian thistle Salsola tragus prickly Russian thistle Salsola vermiculata shrubby Russian thistle Salvia aethiopisMediterranean sage Salvia pratensisintroduced sage Salvia sclareaEurope sage Salvia virgatawand sage Salvinia auriculata eared watermoss Salvinia molestakariba-weed Saponaria officinalisbouncingbet Schinus terebinthifoliusBrazilian peppertree Scolymus hispanicuscommon goldenthistle Secale cerealecereal rye Senecio jacobaeastinking willie Senecio madagascariensisMadagascar ragwort Senecio squalidusoxford ragwort Senecio vulgarisold-man-in-the-Spring Setaria faberiJapanese bristlegrass Setaria pumila yellow foxtail Setaria pumila ssp. pallidefusca cattail grass Silene latifoliassp. alba bladder campion Silybum marianumblessed milkthistle Sinapis arvensischarlock mustard Solanum cardiophyllumheartleaf horsenettle Solanum dulcamaraclimbing nightshade Solanum lanceolatumorangeberry nightshade Solanum marginatum purple African nightshade Solanum robustum shrubby nightshade Solanum tampicense scrambling nightshade Solanum torvumturkey berry Solanum viarumtropical soda apple Soliva sessilisfield burrweed Sonchus arvensisfield sowthistle Sonchus arvensisssp. arvensis field sowthistle Sorghum almum Columbus grass Sorghum bicolorsorghum Sorghum halepenseJohnsongrass Spartina anglicacommon cordgrass Spartina densiflora denseflower cordgrass Spartium junceumSpanish broom Sphaerophysa salsula alkali swainsonpea Striga asiaticaAsiatic witchweed Symphytum asperumprickly comfrey Taeniatherum caput-medusaemedusahead Tagetes minuta muster John Henry Tamarix chinensis five-stamen tamarisk Tamarix parviflora smallflower tamarisk Tamarix ramosissima saltcedar Tanacetum vulgarecommon tansy Themeda villosa silky kangaroo grass Thymelaea passerina mezereon Torilis arvensis spreading hedgeparsley Trapa natanswater chestnut Triadica sebiferaChinese tallow Tribulus terrestrispuncturevine Tridax procumbenscoatbuttons Tripleurospermum perforata scentless false mayweed Tussilago farfaracoltsfoot Ulex europaeuscommon gorse Ulmus pumilaSiberian elm Urochloa panicoidespanic liverseed grass Valeriana officinalisgarden valerian Verbascum blattariamoth mullein Verbascum thapsuscommon mullein Viscum albumEuropean mistletoe Xanthium spinosum spiny cockleburr Zygophyllum fabagoSyrian beancaper

Species	Common name	Other names	States/regions affected	Native to/ Introduction conditions	Image	Description
Abutilon theophrasti	velvetleaf
Acacia mearnsii	black wattle
Acacia paradoxa	paradox acacia
Acaena novae-zelandiae	biddy-biddy
Acaena pallida	pale biddy-biddy
Acer ginnala	Amur maple
Acer platanoides	Norway maple
Acer pseudoplatanus	sycamore maple
Achnatherum brachychaetum	shortbristled needlegrass
Acroptilon repens	hardheads
Aegilops cylindrica	jointed goatgrass
Aegilops geniculata	ovate goatgrass
Aegilops triuncialis	barbed goatgrass
Aegopodium podagraria	bishop's goutweed
Ageratina adenophora	sticky snakeroot
Ageratina riparia	spreading snakeroot
Agrostemma githago	common corncockle
Ailanthus altissima	tree of heaven
Alhagi maurorum	camelthorn
Alliaria petiolata	garlic mustard
Allium neapolitanum	white garlic
Allium paniculatum	Mediterranean onion
Allium vineale	wild garlic
Allium vineale ssp. compactum	compact onion
Alopecurus myosuroides	slender meadow foxtail
Alternanthera philoxeroides	alligatorweed
Alternanthera sessilis	sessile joyweed
Ampelopsis brevipedunculata	Amur peppervine
small bugloss
common bugloss
heartleaf madeiravine
corn chamomile
stinking chamomile
wild chervil
white bladderflower
lesser burdock
Capeweed
shoebutton
absinthium
small carpgrass
giant reed
onionweed
animated oat
feathered mosquitofern
burningbush
Japanese barberry
common barberry
hoary alyssum
slender false brome
bald brome
rye brome
cheatgrass
white bryony
orange eye butterflybush
flowering rush
pond water-starwort
hedge false bindweed NI
hedge false bindweed
marijuana
narrowleaf bittercress
lenspod whitetop
whitetop
hairy whitetop
spiny plumeless thistle
curly plumeless thistle
nodding plumeless thistle
Italian plumeless thistle
winged plumeless thistle
Japanese sedge
woolly distaff thistle
woolly distaff thistle
whitestem distaff thistle
jeweled distaff thistle
caraway
killer alga
Oriental bittersweet
red star-thistle
diffuse knapweed
Iberian knapweed
brownray knapweed
bighead knapweed
Maltese star-thistle
lesser knapweed
Tyrol knapweed
yellow star-thistle
spotted knapweed
sulphur knapweed
squarrose knapweed
squarrose knapweed
hedge cactus
dwarf snapdragon
rush skeletonweed
crossflower
golden false beardgrass
chicory
Canada thistle
bull thistle
Oriental virginsbower
evergreen clematis
blessed thistle
ivy gourd
jio
poison hemlock
field bindweed
greater swinecress
purple pampas grass
common crupina
cantaloupe
gooseberry gourd
carrotwood
alfalfa dodder
Japanese dodder
giant dodder
barbwire grass
Louise's swallow-wort
European swallow-wort
white swallow-wort
cardoon
Bermudagrass
gypsyflower
nutgrass
Scotch broom
Scotch broom
Scotch broom
striated broom
jimsonweed
Queen Anne's lace
aroma
African couchgrass
velvet crabgrass
water yam
air yam
Fuller's teasel
cutleaf teasel
Indian teasel
barnyardgrass
salvation jane
common viper's bugloss
Brazilian waterweed
anchored water hyacinth
common water hyacinth
Russian olive
autumn olive
crested latesummer mint
quackgrass
southern threecornerjack
spiny threecornerjack
codlins and cream
redstem stork's bill
burningbush
cypress spurge
leafy spurge
leafy spurge
myrtle spurge
eggleaf spurge
serrate spurge
Geraldton carnation weed
hawk's eye
hairy crabweed
fineleaf sheep fescue
glossy buckthorn
professor-weed
brittlestem hempnettle
gallant soldier
French broom
yellow hornpoppy
ground ivy
mudmats
reed mannagrass
kahiliflower
baby's breath
common salttree
saltlover
mooncactus
English ivy
Atlantic Ivy
giant hogweed
dames rocket
flower of an hour
orange hawkweed
meadow hawkweed
queen-devil hawkweed
mouseear hawkweed
tall hawkweed
Japanese hop
waterthyme
common frogbit
Indian swampweed
black henbane
common St. Johnswort
hairy catsear
ornamental jewelweed
Brazilian satintail
cogongrass
swamp morning-glory
gloria de la manana
lilacbell I?
paleyellow iris
Dyer's woad
ribbed murainagrass
silkleaf
broadleaved pepperweed
false jagged-ckickweed
sericea lespedeza
oxeye daisy
border privet
California privet
European privet
Indian marshweed
Asian marshweed
Dalmatian toadflax
Dalmatian toadflax
broomleaf toadflax
butter and eggs
Darnel ryegrass
showy fly honeysuckle
Japanese honeysuckle
Amur honeysuckle
Morrow's honeysuckle
Tatarian honeysuckle
dwarf honeysuckle
large-flower primrose-willow
ragged robin
African boxthorn
Nepalese browntop
spring milletgrass
giant false sensitive plant
Pacific Island silvergrass
princesstree

[edit] Native species

Acaena novae-zelandica [orthographic error] Stipa brachychaeta Centaurea repens Aegilops ovata Aeginetia aeginetia Aeschynomene indica Indian jointvetch N Aeschynomene rudis zigzag jointvetch N Aeschynomene virginica Virginia jointvetch N Ambrosia artemisiifolia annual ragweed N Ambrosia artemisiifolia var. elatior annual ragweed N Ambrosia elatior Ambrosia grayi woollyleaf burr ragweed N Ambrosia tomentosa skeletonleaf burr ragweed N Franseria discolor Ambrosia trifida great ragweed N Amorpha fruticosa desert false indigo N Alectra alectra Alhagi camelorum Alhagi pseudalhagi Allium onion Nothoscordum inodorum Alternanthera joyweed Andropogon bicornis barbas de indio N Andropogon virginicus broomsedge bluestem N Anoda cristata crested anoda N Berberis barberry Bocconia frutescens parrotweed N Brassica mustard Bromus commutatus Cabomba caroliniana Carolina fanwort N Cardaria chalapensis [orthographic variant] Lepidium draba Cardiospermum halicacabum love in a puff N Carduus plumeless thistle Carthamus baeticus Casuarina sheoak Cenchrus echinatus southern sandbur N Cenchrus longispinus mat sandbur N Cenchrus spinifex coastal sandbur N Cenchrus incertus Centaurea pratensis Centaurea biebersteinii Centaurea maculosa [misapplied] Centaurea squarrosa Centaurea virgata var. squarrosa Centromadia pungens ssp. pungens common tarweed N Cereus uruguayanus [misapplied] Hemizonia pungens Chromolaena odorata Jack in the bush N Cicuta maculata spotted water hemlock N Cirsium thistle Carthamus oxyacantha [orthographic variant] Cirsium ochrocentrum yellowspine thistle N Cirsium undulatum wavyleaf thistle N Cirsium lanceolatum Clidemia hirta soapbush N Crotalaria rattlebox Cucumis melo Cuscuta Cynanchum nigrum Cyperus esculentus yellow nutsedge NI Vincetoxicum nigrum Vincetoxicum hirundinaria Cynodon Bermudagrass Dichrostachys nutans Digitaria scalarum Elodea densa Eichhornia water hyacinth Elephantopus mollis soft elephantsfoot N Euphorbia dentata toothed spurge NI Agropyron repens Elytrigia repens Equisetum telmateia giant horsetail N Euonymus alata [orthographic variant] Euphorbia pseudovirgata Euphorbia heterophylla Mexican fireplant N Euphorbia prunifolia Rhamnus frangula Froelichia gracilis slender snakecotton N Gaura coccinea scarlet beeblossom N Gaura drummondii Drummond's beeblossom N Gaura sinuata wavyleaf beeblossom N Geranium robertianum Robert geranium NI Euryops subcarnosus ssp. vulgaris Cytisus monspessulanus Eriocereus martinii Helianthus annuus common sunflower N Helianthus ciliaris Texas blueweed N Heteropogon contortus tanglehead N Hieracium hawkweed Hieracium pratense Hieracium laevigatum smooth hawkweed N Hoffmannseggia glauca Indian rushpea N Hoffmannseggia densiflora Homeria Cape tulip Hyptis pectinata comb bushmint N? Hyptis suaveolens pignut N Imperata brevifolia California satintail N Ipomoea morning-glory Ipomoea fistulosa Ipomoea triloba littlebell N Convolvulus sepium Calonyction muricatum Iris douglasiana Douglas iris N Iris missouriensis Rocky Mountain iris N Iva axillaris povertyweed N Lactuca tatarica var. pulchella blue lettuce N Lactuca pulchella Lagarosiphon oxygen-weed Landoltia punctata dotted duckmeat N Linaria genistifolia ssp. dalmatica Spirodela oligorrhiza Chrysanthemum leucanthemum Chrysanthemum leucanthemum var. pinnatifidum Limnobium spongia American spongeplant N Ludwigia uruguayensis Ludwigia hexapetala Lycium ferrocissimum [orthographic variant] Lythrum loosestrife Mahonia barberry Malachra alceifolia yellow leafbract N Malvella leprosa alkali mallow N Melastoma melastoma Miconia johnnyberry Mikania micrantha bittervine N Mikania scandens climbing hempvine N Mimosa invisa Mimosa pellita lollipop mimosa N Mimosa pigra [misapplied] Mirabilis nyctaginea heartleaf four o'clock N Muhlenbergia schreberi nimblewill N Myrica faya Myriophyllum heterophyllum twoleaf watermilfoil N Stipa trichotoma Rorippa microphylla Rorippa nasturtium-aquaticum Nelumbo lutea American lotus N Nymphaea mexicana yellow waterlily N Nymphaea odorata American white waterlily N Onopordum cottonthistle Orobanche broomrape Orobanche cooperi desert broomrape N Packera glabella butterweed N Senecio glabellus Passiflora pulchella Passiflora mollissima Pennisetum polystachyon [orthographic variant] Phalaris arundinacea reed canarygrass N Phragmites australis common reed N Phragmites communis Physalis longifolia longleaf groundcherry N Physalis viscosa starhair groundcherry N Picris hieracioides hawkweed oxtongue NI Piper aduncum higuillo de hoja menuda N Pistia stratiotes water lettuce N Plantago aristata largebracted plantain N Polygonum amphibium longroot smartweed N Polygonum caespitosum Oriental ladysthumb NI Fallopia japonica Proboscidea louisianica ram's horn N Prosopis reptans tornillo N Prosopis velutina velvet mesquite N Prosopis articulata Pueraria lobata Pueraria thunbergiana Ranunculus acris tall buttercup NI Rhamnus buckthorn Ribes currant Robinia pseudoacacia black locust N Rottboellia exaltata Rubus argutus sawtooth blackberry N Rubus discolor Rumex dock Rumex altissimus pale dock N Sagittaria graminea grassy arrowhead N Salsola Russian thistle Salsola kali ssp. tenuifolia Salvinia watermoss Scolymus goldenthistle Sesbania herbacea bigpod sesbania N Sesbania exaltata Setaria pallidifusca [orthographic variant] Sicyos angulatus oneseed burr cucumber N Silphium perfoliatum cup plant N Silybum milkthistle Sinapis mustard Brassica arvensis Brassica kaber var. pinnatifida Solanum carolinense Carolina horsenettle N Solanum dimidiatum western horsenettle N Solanum elaeagnifolium silverleaf nightshade N Solanum ptycanthum West Indian nightshade N Solanum rostratum buffalobur nightshade N Sparganium erectum simplestem bur-reed N Spartina alterniflora smooth cordgrass N Spartina patens saltmeadow cordgrass N Borreria alata [excluded] Stachys floridana Florida hedgenettle N Striga witchweed Tamarix tamarisk Toxicodendron pubescens Atlantic poison oak N Rhus toxicodendron Toxicodendron radicans eastern poison ivy N Toxicodendron vernix poison sumac N Trapa water chestnut Sapium sebiferum Matricaria perforata Triumfetta rhomboidea diamond burrbark N Triumfetta semitriloba Sacramento burrbark N Urena lobata Caesarweed N Utricularia inflata swollen bladderwort N Vitis grape Xanthium cocklebur Xanthium strumarium var. canadense]] Canada cockleburr N Xanthium commune

Trapa bicornis horn nut XU Vossia cuspidata hippo grass XU Sorghum propinquum sorghum XU Spermacoce alata [excluded] winged false buttonweed XU Stratiotes aloides [excluded] water soldiers XU Rubus fruticosus [excluded] shrubby blackberry XU Rubus moluccanus [excluded] XU Sagittaria sagittifolia [excluded] Hawaii arrowhead XU Salvinia biloba giant salvinia XU Salvinia herzogii giant salvinia XU Prosopis ferox XU Prosopis fiebrigii XU Prosopis hassleri XU Prosopis humilis XU Prosopis kuntzei XU Prosopis palmeri XU Prosopis rojasiana XU Prosopis ruizlealii XU Prosopis ruscifolia XU Prosopis sericantha XU Prosopis torquata XU Prosopis mesquite Prosopis alpataco XU Prosopis argentina XU Prosopis burkartii XU Prosopis caldenia XU Prosopis calingastana cusqui XU Prosopis campestris XU Prosopis castellanosii XU Prosopis denudans XU Prosopis elata XU Oryza longistaminata longstamen rice XU Oryza punctata red rice XU Polygonum ×bohemicum [cuspidatum x sachalinense] Bohemian knotweed XU Pontederia rotundifolia tropical pickerelweed XU Mikania cordata [excluded] heartleaf hempvine XU Monochoria hastata [excluded] arrowleaf falsepickerelweed XU Nechamandra alternifolia nechamandra XU Opuntia aurantiaca tiger-pear XU Limnocharis flava [excluded] yellow velvetleaf XU Lagarosiphon major oxygen-weed XU Leptochloa chinensis [excluded] Chinese sprangletop XU Hieracium atratum polar hawkweed XU Drymaria arenarioides [excluded] sandwort drymary XU Cirsium japonicum Japanese thistle XU Citrus reticulata ssp. unshiu Unshu orange XU Crassula helmsii swamp stonecrop XU

[edit] Registrars if the United States Treasury

Lucius E. Chittenden - April 17, 1861 to August 10, 1864 S. B. Colby - August 11, 1864 to September 21, 1867 Noah L. Jeffries - October 5, 1867 to March 15, 1869 John Allison - April 3, 1869 to March 23, 1878 Glenni William Scofield - April 1, 1878 to May 20, 1881 Blanche Kelso Bruce - May 21, 1881 to June 5, 1885 William Starke Rosecrans - June 8, 1885 to June 19, 1893 James Fount Tillman - July 1, 1893 to December 2, 1897 Blanche Kelso Bruce - December 3, 1897 to March 17, 1898

Judson Whitlocke Lyons - April 7, 1898 to April 1, 1906 William Tecumseh Vernon - June 12, 1906 to March 14, 1911 James Carroll Napier - March 15, 1911 to September 30, 1913 Gabe E. Parker - October 1, 1913 to December 31, 1914 Houston Benge Teehee - March 24, 1915 to November 20, 1919 William S. Elliott - November 21, 1919 to January 24, 1922 Harley V. Speelman - January 25, 1922 to September 30, 1927 Walter Orr Woods - October 1, 1927 to January 17, 1929 Edward E. Jones - January 22, 1929 to May 31, 1933

Name	Dates of service
Lucius E. Chittenden	April 17, 1861 to August 10, 1864
S. B. Colby	August 11, 1864 to September 21, 1867
Noah L. Jeffries	October 5, 1867 to March 15, 1869
John Allison	April 3, 1869 to March 23, 1878
Glenni William Scofield	April 1, 1878 to May 20, 1881
Blanche Kelso Bruce	May 21, 1881 to June 5, 1885
William Starke Rosecrans	June 8, 1885 to June 19, 1893
James Fount Tillman	July 1, 1893 to December 2, 1897
Blanche Kelso Bruce	December 3, 1897 to March 17, 1898
Judson Whitlocke Lyons	April 7, 1898 to April 1, 1906
William Tecumseh Vernon	June 12, 1906 to March 14, 1911
James Carroll Napier	March 15, 1911 to September 30, 1913
Gabe E. Parker	October 1, 1913 to December 31, 1914
Houston Benge Teehee	March 24, 1915 to November 20, 1919
William S. Elliott	November 21, 1919 to January 24, 1922
Harley V. Speelman	January 25, 1922 to September 30, 1927
Walter Orr Woods	October 1, 1927 to January 17, 1929
Edward E. Jones	January 22, 1929 to May 31, 1933

!width="160"| !width="125"| !width="40"| !width="125"| !width="160"| !width="125"| !width="40"| !width="125"|

Name	Dates served			Name	Dates served
Lucius E. Chittenden	April 17, 1861	to	August 10, 1864	Judson Whitlocke Lyons	April 7, 1898	to	April 1, 1906
S. B. Colby	August 11, 1864	to	September 21, 1867	William Tecumseh Vernon	June 12, 1906	to	March 14, 1911
Noah L. Jeffries	October 5, 1867	to	March 15, 1869	James Carroll Napier	March 15, 1911	to	September 30, 1913
John Allison	April 3, 1869	to	March 23, 1878	Gabe E. Parker	October 1, 1913	to	December 31, 1914
Glenni William Scofield	April 1, 1878	to	May 20, 1881	Houston Benge Teehee	March 24, 1915	to	November 20, 1919
Blanche Kelso Bruce	May 21, 1881	to	June 5, 1885	William S. Elliott	November 21, 1919	to	January 24, 1922
William Starke Rosecrans	June 8, 1885	to	June 19, 1893	Harley V. Speelman	January 25, 1922	to	September 30, 1927
James Fount Tillman	July 1, 1893	to	December 2, 1897	Walter Orr Woods	October 1, 1927	to	January 17, 1929
Blanche Kelso Bruce	December 3, 1897	to	March 17, 1898	Edward E. Jones	January 22, 1929	to	May 31, 1933

Le Krewe d'Etat
Year	Theme
2007	KDTV in Dictavision
2006	Canceled due to Hurricane Katrina
2005	Tarot d'Etat
2004	Malice in Wonderland
2003	Tales Told by Idiots
2002	Rock Around d'Etat
2001	D'Etat.com
2000	Cinema D'Etat
1999	Dictator's Circus
1998	Looziana Scandals and Scoundrels

Lucius E. Chittenden	April 17, 1861	to	:August 10, 1864
S. B. Colby	August 11, 1864	to	:September 21, 1867
Noah L. Jeffries	October 5, 1867	to	:March 15, 1869
John Allison	April 3, 1869	to	:March 23, 1878
Glenni William Scofield	April 1, 1878	to	May 20, 1881
Blanche Kelso Bruce	May 21, 1881	to	June 5, 1885
William Starke Rosecrans	June 8, 1885	to	June 19, 1893
James Fount Tillman	July 1, 1893	to	December 2, 1897
Blanche Kelso Bruce	December 3, 1897	to	March 17, 1898
Judson Whitlocke Lyons	April 7, 1898	to	April 1, 1906
William Tecumseh Vernon	June 12, 1906	to	March 14, 1911
James Carroll Napier	March 15, 1911	to	September 30, 1913
Gabe E. Parker	October 1, 1913	to	December 31, 1914
Houston Benge Teehee	March 24, 1915	to	November 20, 1919
William S. Elliott	November 21, 1919	to	January 24, 1922
Harley V. Speelman	January 25, 1922	to	September 30, 1927
Walter Orr Woods	October 1, 1927	to	January 17, 1929
Edward E. Jones	January 22, 1929	to	May 31, 1933

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Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Average high °F (°C)	61 (16)	64 (18)	71 (22)	77 (25)	84 (29)	89 (32)	91 (33)	91 (33)	88 (31)	80 (27)	71 (22)	64 (18)	78 (26)
Average low °F (°C)	40 (4)	43 (6)	50 (10)	56 (13)	65 (18)	71 (22)	73 (23)	72 (22)	68 (20)	57 (14)	49 (9)	42 (6)	57 (14)
Average precipitation: inches (cm)	6.42 (16.3)	5.03 (12.7)	5.94 (15.1)	4.76 (12.1)	5.76 (14.6)	4.27 (10.9)	6.55 (16.6)	5.85 (14.9)	5.16 (13.1)	3.10 (7.9)	5.13 (13.0)	4.69 (11.9)	62.66 (147)

Weather averages for
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec
Record high °F (°C)	81 (27)	86 (30)	89 (32)	92 (33)	95 (35)	104 (40)	102 (39)	103 (39)	99 (37)	94 (34)	90 (32)	86 (30)
Average high °F (°C)	61 (16)	64 (18)	71 (22)	77 (25)	84 (29)	89 (32)	91 (33)	91 (33)	88 (31)	80 (27)	71 (22)	64 (18)
Average low °F (°C)	40 (4)	43 (6)	50 (10)	56 (13)	65 (18)	71 (22)	73 (23)	72 (22)	68 (20)	57 (14)	49 (9)	42 (6)
Record low °F (°C)	8 (-13)	15 (-9)	22 (-6)	32 (0)	42 (6)	50 (10)	57 (14)	58 (14)	42 (6)	31 (-1)	24 (-4)	9 (-13)
Precipitation inches (mm)	6.42 (163.1)	5.03 (127.8)	5.94 (150.9)	4.76 (120.9)	5.76 (146.3)	4.27 (108.5)	6.55 (166.4)	5.85 (148.6)	5.16 (131.1)	3.10 (78.7)	5.13 (130.3)	4.69 (119.1)
Source: weather.com [33]

Assassins [from Arab hashshashin hashish eaters; or from proper name Hassan] Originally an order founded in Persia and Syria during the 11th century by Hassan ben Sabbah, an offshoot of the Ismaelites of the Shiite division of Islam. They taught the esoteric doctrines of Islam, encouraged mathematics and philosophy, and are said to have used hashish as a means of obtaining celestial visions. They held that creation began with the intellectual world, moved to the soul and then the rest of creation. The human soul, imprisoned in the body to carry out the teacher's orders, rejoins the universal soul at death. The usual accounts state that they sanctioned the employment of secret assassination against all enemies.

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