Alphonsus (crater)
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| Crater characteristics | |
 Alphonsus crater appears in the right half of this image taken by Ranger 9. NASA photo. |
|
| Coordinates | 13.4° S, 2.8° W |
|---|---|
| Diameter | 119 km |
| Depth | 2.7 km |
| Colongitude | 4° at sunrise |
| Eponym | Alfonso X |
Alphonsus is an ancient impact crater on Earth's Moon that dates from the immediate post-Nectarian era. It is located on the lunar highlands on the eastern end of Mare Nubium, west of the Imbrian Highlands, and slightly overlaps the Ptolemaeus crater to the north. The surface is broken and irregular along this boundary. The outer walls are slightly distorted and possess a somewhat hexagonal form. To the northwest is the smaller Alpetragius crater.
A low ridge system of deposited ejecta bisects the crater floor, and includes the steep central peak designated Alpha (α) Alphonsus. This pyramid-shaped formation rises to a height of 1.5 km above the interior surface. It is not volcanic in origin, but rather is made of anorthosite like the lunar highlands.
The floor is fractured by an elaborate system of rilles and contains three smaller craters surrounded by a symmetric darker halo. These dark-halo craters are cinder cone-shaped and are believed by some to be volcanic in origin, although others think they were caused by impacts that excavated darker mare material from underneath the lighter lunar regolith.
Alphonsus crater was one of the primary alternative landing sites considered for both the Apollo 16 and the Apollo 17 missions. The Ranger 9 probe impacted in Alphonsus crater, a short distance to the northeast of the central peak. Harold Urey said of a Ranger IX close-up photograph of Alphonsus:
| “ | The floor is covered with many craters of various sizes, some sharp and hence new, others less distinct and partly filled with fragmented material. The walls have fewer craters, and this probably means that slumping of the wall has filled them. Crevasses are evident, and evidence for slumping exists. The larger crater near the top is undoubtedly collisional in origin. Three craters are surrounded by dark halos and were produced by eruptions from the lunar interior. Exceptionally bright, sharp peaks can be seen on certain mountain tops. | ” |
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[edit] Transient lunar phenomena
Alphonsus is one of the sites noted for transient lunar phenomena, as glowing red-hued clouds have been reported emanating from the crater. On October 26, 1956, the lunar astronomer Dinsmore Alter noted some blurring of the rilles on the floor of Alphonsus in the photographs he took in violet light. The same blurring did not occur in the infrared photographs he took at the same time. However, few professional astronomers found this evidence of volcanic activity on the Moon very convincing.
One astronomer who was intrigued by Alter's observations was Nikolai A. Kozyrev, from the Soviet Union. In 1958 he observed the formation of a mist-like cloud within the Alphonsus crater. The spectrum of the area had been measured at this time, and displayed indications of carbon matter, possibly C2 gas. He believed this to be the result of volcanic or related activity. However no evidence for this phenomenon has been found from lunar missions, and the emission results have never been confirmed.
[edit] Interior craters
Five tiny craters in the northeastern part of Alphonsus' interior floor have been assigned names by the IAU. These are listed in the table below.
| Crater | Coordinates | Diameter | Name source |
|---|---|---|---|
| Chang-Ngo | 3 km | Chinese feminine name1 | |
| José | 2 km | Spanish masculine name | |
| Monira | 2 km | Arabic feminine name | |
| Ravi | 2.5 km | Indian masculine name | |
| Soraya | 2 km | Persian feminine name |
- See also Chang'e, the Chinese goddess.
[edit] Satellite craters
By convention these features are identified on lunar maps by placing the letter on the side of the crater mid-point that is closest to Alphonsus crater.
| Alphonsus | Latitude | Longitude | Diameter |
|---|---|---|---|
| A | 14.8° S | 2.3° W | 4 km |
| B | 13.2° S | 0.2° W | 24 km |
| C | 14.4° S | 4.8° W | 4 km |
| D | 15.1° S | 0.8° W | 23 km |
| G | 12.3° S | 3.3° W | 4 km |
| H | 15.6° S | 0.5° W | 8 km |
| J | 15.1° S | 2.5° W | 8 km |
| K | 12.5° S | 0.1° W | 20 km |
| L | 12.0° S | 3.7° W | 4 km |
| R | 14.4° S | 1.9° W | 3 km |
| X | 15.0° S | 4.4° W | 5 km |
| Y | 14.7° S | 1.8° W | 3 km |
[edit] References
- Wood, Chuck (April 6, 2005). Micro-Topo. Lunar Photo of the Day. Retrieved on 2006-07-21.
- Cortright, Edgar M. (1968). "Rangers Bring the Moon Up Close", SP-168 Exploring Space with a Camera. NASA Langley Research Center, 48.
- Alter, Dinsmore (1957). "A Suspected Partial Obscuration of the Floor of Alphonsus". Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific 69.
- Alter, Dinsmore (1959). "The Kozyrev Observations of Alphonsus". Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific 71.
- Compton, W. David (1989). Where No Man Has Gone Before: A History of Apollo Lunar Exploration Missions. NASA. Retrieved on 2007-02-09.
- Andersson, L. E.; Whitaker, E. A., (1982). NASA Catalogue of Lunar Nomenclature. NASA RP-1097.
- Blue, Jennifer (July 25, 2007). Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. USGS. Retrieved on 2007-08-05.
- Bussey, B.; Spudis, P. (2004). The Clementine Atlas of the Moon. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-81528-2.
- Cocks, Elijah E.; Cocks, Josiah C. (1995). Who's Who on the Moon: A Biographical Dictionary of Lunar Nomenclature. Tudor Publishers. ISBN 0-936389-27-3.
- McDowell, Jonathan (July 15, 2007). Lunar Nomenclature. Jonathan's Space Report. Retrieved on 2007-10-24.
- Menzel, D. H.; Minnaert, M.; Levin, B.; Dollfus, A.; Bell, B. (1971). "Report on Lunar Nomenclature by The Working Group of Commission 17 of the IAU". Space Science Reviews 12: 136.
- Moore, Patrick (2001). On the Moon. Sterling Publishing Co.. ISBN 0-304-35469-4.
- Price, Fred W. (1988). The Moon Observer's Handbook. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521335000.
- Rükl, Antonín (1990). Atlas of the Moon. Kalmbach Books. ISBN 0-913135-17-8.
- Webb, Rev. T. W. (1962). Celestial Objects for Common Telescopes, 6th revision, Dover. ISBN 0-486-20917-2.
- Whitaker, Ewen A. (1999). Mapping and Naming the Moon. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-62248-4.
- Wlasuk, Peter T. (2000). Observing the Moon. Springer. ISBN 1852331933.
