Alice de Janzé

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Alice de Janzé, née Silverthorne (28 September 1899 – 30 September 1941)[1], also known as Alice de Trafford, was an American heiress who spent years in Kenya, as a member of the Happy Valley set of colonials. She was connected with numerous scandals, including her attempted murder of her lover in 1927, as well as the 1941 murder of Josslyn Hay, the Earl of Erroll in Kenya. Her tempestuous life was marked by promiscuity, drug abuse and several suicide attempts. She died of a self-inflicted gunshot in 1941.

Alice de Janzé

Alice de Janzé at age 17, photographed for Chicago Daily News
Born 28 September 1899
Buffalo, New York, USA
Died 30 September 1941
Gilgil, Kenya
Occupation Heiress

Contents

[edit] Biography

[edit] Early life

Alice de Janzé at age 20 (1919), in Chicago.
Alice de Janzé at age 20 (1919), in Chicago.

Alice was born in Buffalo, Erie County, New York, the only child of wealthy felt manufacturer William Edward Silverthorne (of Scottish descent) (3 February 1867 – ?) and his equally wealthy wife, Julia Belle Chapin (14 August 1871 – 8 June 1907), an heiress to the Armours, the family that owned one of the most well-known meatpacking companies of the time, Armour and Company (in fact, Alice was niece to magnate J. Ogden Armour). The couple were married in Chicago on 8 June 1892,[2] the city where Alice spent most of childhood and adolescence. Her mother died of tuberculosis when Alice was only eight, leaving her a large estate. Alice herself was consumptive from birth.[3]

Alice was introduced to wild social life starting in her early adolescence. She was one of the most prominent socialites of Chicago during the late 1910s and early 1920s, frequenting the most fashionable nightclubs of the time, with the encouragement of her father. Her father also took her on several journeys around Europe and encouraged his daughter's image as a notable debutante.

After her mother's death, she was raised by a German governess in large houses in New York, due to the fact her father was frequently absent by reason of his professional obligations. While she was still a teenager, William Silverthorne was involved in an inexplicable and mysterious accident, which was possibly owing to his chronic alcoholism. After that, her father lost custody, and an uncle assumed the role of legal guardian.

Alice herself grew eccentric and unconventional. Her two great passions, by her own account, were cocktails and animals. Her temperament had also become highly unpredictable, ranging from deep melancholy to sudden fits of rage.

[edit] 1920-1927: Paris and marriage with de Janzé

The Happy Valley set in Kenya, 1926. From left to right: Raymond de Trafford, Frédéric de Janzé, Alice de Janzé and Lord Delamere.
The Happy Valley set in Kenya, 1926. From left to right: Raymond de Trafford, Frédéric de Janzé, Alice de Janzé and Lord Delamere.

When she was 21 years old, she travelled to Paris. There, she briefly worked as director of the model department of Jean Patou's dressmaking establishment[4] until she met Comte Frédéric Jacques de Janzé (ca 1896 – 24 December 1933), a well-known French racing driver of the time (a participant in 24 Hours of Le Mans races) and heir to an old aristocratic family of Brittany. Frédéric also used to frequent literary circles, having formed a close friendship with such luminaries as Marcel Proust, Maurice Barrès and Anna de Noailles. After enjoying a romance of only three weeks,[5] the couple married on 21 September 1921 in Chicago.[6] Following the ceremony, her aunt, Mrs. J. Odgen Armour, turned over the Armour estate on Long Island to the couple, where they spent two weeks before permanently settling to Paris.[7] It was also reported the couple would spend their winter honeymoon at Morocco. [8] Their marriage produced two daughters, Nolwén Louise Alice de Janzé (20 June 1922 – 7 March 1989) and Paola Marie Jeanne de Janzé (1 June 1924 – 24 December 2006). Nolwén would later marry art historian Kenneth Clark. Alice was a neglectful mother; the children were primarily brought up by governesses and by Frédéric's sister, in their family chateau in Normandy.

In 1925, Frédéric, noticing that Alice had become restless, decided to distract her by arranging for them to spend some time in the so-called Happy Valley in Kenya, a community of British colonials living in Wanjohi Valley, near the Aberdare Mountains.[9] This enclave had become notorious among socialites in England for being a paradise for all those seeking a hedonistic lifestyle, including drugs, alcohol and sexual promiscuity. Frédéric de Janzé documented his time in Happy Valley and all the eccentric personalities he met there in his book, Vertical Land, which was published in 1928.[10] In the book, Frédéric provides several non-eponymous references to members of the Happy Valley set, including a psychological portrait of his wife that alludes to her suicidal tendencies:

“ Wide eyes so calm, short slick hair, full red lips, a body to desire. The powerful hands clutch and wave along the mandolin and the crooning somnolent melody breaks; her throat trembles and her gleaming shoulders droop. That weird soul of mixtures is at the door! her cruelty and lascivious thoughts clutch the thick lips on close white teeth. She holds us with her song, and her body sways towards ours. No man will touch her exclusive soul, shadowy with memories, unstable, suicidal.[11] ”

The de Janzés lived for some months next door to the home of two core members of the Happy Valley set; Josslyn Victor Hay, Earl of Erroll aka Lord Erroll, and his wife, Idina. According to author Errol Trzebinski, Frédéric and Alice had already met Erroll and Idina while in Montparnasse, some time earlier, though this meeting was generally unknown to the public.[12]

Even among the scandalous residents of Happy Valley, Alice caused a sensation with her wild behavior, sarcastic sense of humour, and her beauty. She soon came to be known by the nickname "the wicked madonna".[13] She would often speak passionately about animal rights, or play ukulele. Alice would also soon fall in love with Erroll himself; the two of them enjoyed a secret love affair for some time, and evidently remained friends after it ended.

Alice and Frédéric returned to Happy Valley in 1926. While Frédéric was distracted in lion hunting, Alice started another love affair, this time with British nobleman Raymond Vincent de Trafford (28 January 1900 – 14 May 1971), son of Sir Humphrey de Trafford, 3rd Baronet. Frédéric soon became aware of his wife's infidelity, though he did not become preoccupied by it, as the de Janzés had already acclimated to the libertarian atmosphere that prevailed in the community. However, Alice's infatuation with de Trafford was so great that the couple attempted to elope at some point, though they promptly returned. Frédéric then returned to Paris with Alice, in an attempt to save his marriage; he was unsuccessful. Alice soon returned to Kenya ad de Trafford; her marriage with Frédéric was effectively over.

[edit] 1927: Murder/suicide attempt and trial

Alice and her husband, Frédéric, circa mid-1920s. This newspaper article reports the infamous shooting incident that would eventually send Alice to prison
Alice and her husband, Frédéric, circa mid-1920s. This newspaper article reports the infamous shooting incident that would eventually send Alice to prison

On March 25, 1927, while in Paris de Trafford informed de Janzé that he was ending the relationship: his family (which held strict Catholic views) had threatened to disinherit him if he were to marry her. Later that afternoon, the couple visited a gunshop together, where de Janzé surreptitously bought a small pistol.

A few hours later, in the Gare du Nord, as de Trafford was bidding farewell to de Janzé in his train compartment before he left for London by an Express boat train, she pulled the revolver from her purse and shot him in the chest, then shot herself in the stomach.

Both were gravely injured, and spent several days in a hospital in critical condition. Both de Trafford and de Janzé declined to offer any explanations to investigators. De Janzé was quoted as telling a police official who was permitted to see her for a few moments at the hospital: "I decline to give the reason for my act; it is my secret."[14] She also claimed to feel regret about shooting de Trafford, who was said to be on the brink of death.[15] De Janzé's condition quickly improved and she was first able to talk with relatives on March 30.[16][17] She officially confessed to the shootings in a signed statement on April 2.[18]

Some confusion was caused when five British newspapers, The Western Mail, The Manchester Guardian, The Liverpool Daily Courier, The Liverpool Evening Express and The Sheffield Daily Telegraph, illustrated their reports of the shooting incident with pictures not of Alice de Janzé but of Frederic's sister-in-law, Vicomtesse Phillis Meeta de Janzé. Phillis de Janzé promptly sued for libel and received a settlement.[19]

The incident made headlines all over the world.[20][21]The Fort Covington Sun reported the following on April 14, 1927:[22]

“ America, France and England were all threatened in the tragedy in the Gare du Nord, Paris, when Countess de Janze, estranged wife of Frenchman, shot Raymond V. de Trafford, scion of a prominent British family, and then put a bullet through her own body. The countess was Alice Silverthorne of Chicago, cousin [sic] of J. Ogden Armour and well-known in American social circles. Her relations with De Trafford recently led her husband to file suit for divorce. For several days after the shooting it was believed both the countess and De Trafford would die, but latest reports are that they are out of danger. ”

Her Chicago relatives were evidently dumbfounded at the news. Mrs. George Silverthorne, de Janzé's aunt, told a reporter: "It cannot be Alice. She and her husband were so happy together, and such a thing would be impossible. There must be some mistake".[23]

On April 5 Alice de Janzé was officially charged with attempted murder.[24] On April 8, she made an official declaration in which she stated she originally only planned suicide when she bought the revolver but eventually also fired at de Trafford out of anguish at parting from him.[25] De Trafford returned to London on April 9 by a special airplane. He also told French authorities he did not wish to take any action against Alice, although he would hold himself at their disposition to return to Paris if his testimony was needed. [26] Meanwhile, de Janzé was imprisoned in Saint Lazare, a women-only prison in Paris.[27][28] Her cell had hosted several notorious female criminals in the past, including Mata Hari, Marguerite Steinheil and Henriette Caillaux. On May, she was temporarily freed by the police pending her recovery.[29] When she eventually described what happened in the train station, she wrote the following:

“ ... The whistle of London Express blew, and I realized that he was going away from Paris - and from me forever - I suddenly changed my mind and resolved to take him away with me into the Great Beyond. Slowly - very slowly - I loosened my grip around his neck, placed the revolver between our two bodies, and, as the train started, fired twice - into his chest and my own body.[30] ”

In the wake of the shooting scandal, Alice and Frédéric de Janzé were divorced by the Paris Tribunal on 15 June 1927.[31] Frédéric received custody of their two children, although the judge made no mention of the Gare du Nord episode.[32] (The divorce would be followed by an annulment by the Vatican on 6 August 1928.[33] Frédéric died on 24 December 1933, in Baltimore, of septicaemia.[34])

The Paris Tribunal tried Alice de Janzé on December 23, 1927.[35] When de Trafford testified, he sought to convince the court that his own wounding was an accident that he himself caused:[36]

“ As we were about to part – she was kissing me -- I told her that I loved her, and again whispered to her not to take my decision as irrevocable. I even told her that we would meet again. As she was leaving me she attempted suicide. But a movement on my part caused the weapon to be deflected. I am sure that she did not intentionally fire at me. The accident was due to my imprudence.[37] ”

Public opinion was apparently sympathetic towards her; she was widely seen as the tragic victim of a true crime of passion and the judge may have been influenced by the public's view. During the trial, it was revealed she had attempted suicide a total of four times throughout her life. Eventually, de Janzé received a suspended sentence of six months in prison and a fine of 100 francs (approximately 4 dollars) by the Paris Correctional Court.[38] Under the First Offenders Act, she was immediately released.[39] Finally, in April 1929 she received a full presidential pardon from President of France Gaston Doumergue. [40] Evidently, the request for the pardon was made in order to avoid any commercial implications the conviction might cause for dealing with property she owned.[41]

[edit] 1928-1941: Second marriage and return to Kenya

In early 1928, Alice de Janzé returned to Kenya, but was ordered by the Government House to leave the country as an undesirable alien.[42] Around this time, Alice caused a new sensation when it was revealed she had resumed her love affair with the man she had almost killed, Raymond de Trafford. A rumor that the couple would soon have a quiet wedding in Paris was first circulated in September of that year[43] and later in January 1928;[44] Alice's lawyer denied any such plans, and no wedding took place.[45] The rumor surfaced again in April 1930.[46] Ultimately, the couple did wed on February 22, 1932 in Neuilly-sur-Seine and spoke of buying a house in London. But they split up only three weeks after the wedding, after a public fight in a café; they never saw or spoke to each other again. Later that year, in November, Alice officially sought a divorce.[47] The divorce was not finalized until 1937 in London. Alice won an uncontested suit, as the divorce was granted decree nisi on her on the grounds of adultery.[48]. Alice commented about her second husband: "An idler, who associates with disreputable women".[49]

After permanently splitting with Raymond, Alice was re-admitted to the world of Happy Valley, where she settled on a permanent basis to a farmhouse located on the banks of River Wanjohi.[50] Alice spent the following years taking care of her animals (including lions, panthers and antelopes) and reading. She had also become heavily addicted to drugs by now, particularly morphine. She was almost feared by certain members of the community due to her rapid changes of mood and the aforementioned shooting incident.

After having permanently settled in Kenya, Alice only rarely visited her children in France. Years later, Nolwén would state that she did not feel bitterness or hostility for her mother during their brief meetings together but would actually be fascinated by this virtually unknown woman who brought with her an air of mystique, owing to her permanent stay in Africa.[51]

[edit] 1941: The Lord Erroll murder and suicide

Alice de Janzé in obituary photo in The Vidette Messenger
Alice de Janzé in obituary photo in The Vidette Messenger

On 24 January 1941, Lord Erroll was found shot to death in his car, at an intersection outside Nairobi. Police interrogated all of Erroll's closest acquaintances, including Alice de Janzé. Although she had an alibi - she had evidently spent an intimate night with Dickie Pembroke, another Happy Valley resident - she was immediately regarded as a suspect because of her drug habits, her romantic attachment to Errol, and her previous attempt to kill a paramour.[52][53]

On the morning after Erroll's body was discovered, de Janzé went to the morgue with a friend to see his body. According to eyewitnesses, Alice stunned the others in attendance by leaving a tree branch on Erroll's body, wiping her fingers, wet with vaginal secretions, over Hay's lips and whispering the words: "Now you are mine forever."[54] This behavior confirmed for many the suspicions that de Janzé was involved in Erroll's death. It was even rumored that Alice herself had admitted to the killing.[55]

Eventually, police charged Sir Henry John "Jock" Delves Broughton with Erroll's murder; Erroll had been openly having an affair with Delves Broughton's young wife, Diana. De Janzé paid regular visits to Delves Broughton in prison. Eventually, Delves Broughton was acquitted due to lack of evidence. Years later, White Mischief author James Fox claimed that Jock Delves Broughton was provably the murderer: that he had confessed the murder to a 15-year old girl, Juanita Carberry, whose parents were friends with Erroll, though the girl did not admit the story until decades later.

In August 1941, after being diagnosed with uterine cancer, de Janzé underwent a hysterectomy. Shortly afterwards, she attempted suicide by taking an overdose of Pentobarbital but was rescued by a friend, who called on a doctor to perform gastric lavage. On 30 September 1941 she finally succeeded in ending her life; she was found dead, killed by a self-inflicted gunshot, in her farmhouse in Gilgil, Kenya, two days after turning 42.[56] She left three suicide notes, one addressed to the police (whose contents were never disclosed), one to her daughters and one to Dickie Pembroke. She reportedly asked her friends to throw a cocktail party on her grave. In January 1942, her death was officially ruled a suicide following a Nairobi inquest.[57] Coincidentally, Delves Broughton also committed suicide on 5 December 1942.

After her death, de Janzé's home ultimately became a local school, the so-called "Happy Valley School".[58]

[edit] References in fiction and non-fiction

[edit] Non-fiction

[edit] Letters from Africa: 1914-1939

Danish writer Karen Blixen had personally met and befriended Alice during the 1920s, when she resided in Kenya. The two women had met through their common friend, Lord Erroll. Blixen mentions Alice in her collection of letters Letters from Africa: 1914-1939 (1981).

[edit] White Mischief

Actress Sarah Miles as Alice de Janzé in White Mischief (1987)
Actress Sarah Miles as Alice de Janzé in White Mischief (1987)

The events surrounding the murder of Lord Erroll were the basis of James Fox's non-fiction book White Mischief (1983). The book investigates the murder of Lord Erroll and presents of a large gallery of characters, mainly members of the Happy Valley set, including de Janzé. The book was later made into a 1987 movie directed by Michael Radford, starring British actress Sarah Miles as de Janzé.

In 1988, while at the Cannes Film Festival, Miles said that de Janzé was a difficult character for her to "pin down" as an actress. Upon arrival in Kenya for the filming of White Mischief, Miles said she searched out people who knew Alice, but was unable to learn anything substantial, due to those acquaintances' confused perceptions of de Janzé; some were even uncertain of her true nationality.[59] The film adaptation itself focuses on de Janzé's eccentric traits; her character has arguably the most famous line of the movie: "Oh God, not another fucking beautiful day").

[edit] Fiction

[edit] Tender Is the Night

The internationally notorious railway station shooting also inspired F. Scott Fitzgerald in his novel Tender Is the Night (1934). In Book 1, Chapter XIX, a character, Maria Wallis, who is an acquaintance of the Divers (the protagonists in the novel) is talking to a man who is about to depart from Paris by train. While on the platform, Maria takes a distance from the man, pulls a revolver from her purse and shoots him. The train stops and, minutes later, the man is carried away on a stretcher whereas the woman is taken away by gendarmes. Dick Diver, who rushes to the crime scene to help, announces to his company that Maria Wallis has shot an Englishman. The whole sequence (which doesn't play an important part in the novel) was inspired by the 1927 incident, with Maria modelled after Alice.[60] The railway station where the event takes place is chosen to be Gare Saint Lazare.

[edit] Lost Pages

In his collection of short stories, Lost Pages (1998), Paul Di Filippo uses dozens of historical figures in fictitious plots that often involve elements of fantasy. One of these stories, "The Happy Valley at the End of the World", features several of the real-life colonials of Happy Valley, including John Carberry, Kiki Preston and Alice herself. This apocalyptic story concerns a plague that decimates humanity and also involves the figures of Antoine de Saint-Exupéry and J. G. Ballard.

[edit] Sinful Safari

Alice is also one of the prominent characters in Michael Kilian's whodunit novel, Sinful Safari (2003). The novel is set in 1920s Kenya and encompasses a set of real-life historical figures, mainly members of the Happy Valley set and other colonials, including Lord Erroll, Idina Hay, Beryl Markham, Karen Blixen, Denys Finch Hatton, Lord Delamere and Alice herself. However, as with other Kilian novels that employ real people as heroes in fictitious situations, the plot here is also fictitious and revolves around the murder of the fictional Lord Ramms. Kilian's novel seems inspired by the White Mischief book and the real-life Lord Erroll murder mystery, as most of the characters, including Alice, are considered as suspects for the murder, like in the actual murder case in 1941.

[edit] Hero on Three Continents

The fictional hero of Stephen Maitland-Lewis's novel Hero on Three Continents (2004) mentions being acquainted with Alice while in Kenya. Alice is even presented humorously recounting how she once shot one of her former husbands but "sadly botched it up".[61]


[edit] Alice's daughters

  • Alice's oldest daughter, Nolwén, was born in Paris but also spent several years in London. She became a fashion designer and was president of the Incorporated Society of London Fashion Designers in the 1950s.[62] Nolwén was married three times and had two children, a daughter and son. Later she and well known art historian Kenneth Clark exchanged nuptials. He died in 1983. Nolwén herself died on 7 March 1989 in France, at the age of 67, after undergoing a heart surgery.

[edit] See also

[edit] Bibliography

  • Bruccoli, Joseph Matthew & Baughman, Judith S. (1997). Reader's Companion to F. Scott Fitzgerald's Tender Is the Night. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press.
  • de Janzé, Frédéric (1928). Vertical Land. London: Duckworth.
  • Fox, James (1983). White Mischief. New York: Random House.
  • Morrow, Anne (2003). Picnic in a Foreign Land: The Eccentric Lives of the Anglo-Irish. Grafton
  • Trzebinski, Errol (2000). The Life and Death of Lord Erroll: The Truth Behind the Happy Valley Murder. London: Fourth Estate Ltd.
  • Evans, Collins (2003). A Question of Evidence: The Casebook of Great Forensic Controversies, from Napoleon to O.J. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

[edit] References

  1. ^ Her birth and death date according to http://www.ancestry.com/trees/awt/main.aspx. (free registration required)
  2. ^ Illinois Statewide Marriage Index, 1763-1900
  3. ^ Fox James. White Mischief. New York: Random House, 1983, p. 43
  4. ^ "De Janzes Divorced by Paris Tribunal", The New York Times, June 16, 1927
  5. ^ "Chicago Relatives Amazed", The New York Times, March 27, 1927
  6. ^ "Alice Silverthorne is Vicomte's Bride", The New York Times, September 21, 1921
  7. ^ "Chicago Relatives Amazed", The New York Times, March 27, 1927
  8. ^ "American Countess Shoots Englishman and Self in Paris", The New York Times, March 27, 1927
  9. ^ "She Loved Him, Shot Him, Married Him, Divorced Him", The Oakland Tribune, December 12, 1937
  10. ^ Frédéric de Janzé: Vertical Land
  11. ^ De Janzé, Frédéric.Vertical Land. London: Duckworth Press, 1928, Chapter VIII
  12. ^ "Dirty Work at the Crossroads", The Spectator, March 18, 2000
  13. ^ Morrow, Anne. Picnic in a Foreign Land: The Eccentric Lives of the Anglo-Irish. Grafton: 2003, p. 54 ISBN-13: 978-0246132048
  14. ^ "Countess Dalks Police Quiz in Lover Shooting", The Lima News, March 28, 1927
  15. ^ "Countess Reticent With Victim Dying", The New York Times, March 28, 1927
  16. ^ "Countess Improves, Victim Near Death", The Washington Post, March 31, 1927
  17. ^ "Countess Janze Better", The New York Times, March 31, 1927
  18. ^ "Countess Gives First Story of Shooting Lover", Chicago Daily Tribune, April 3, 1927
  19. ^ The Times, June 1, 1927
  20. ^ "American Countess Shoots Self After Woonding Admirer", Washington Post, March 27, 1927.
  21. ^ "Society Girl Shoots Lover and Herself", The Hartford Courant, March 27, 1927
  22. ^ Fort Covington Sun, April 14, 1927
  23. ^ "Chicago Relatives Amazed", The New York Times, March 27, 1927
  24. ^ "Countess Is Accused of Attempted Murder", New York Times, April 5, 1927
  25. ^ "Countess Explains Double Shooting", The New York Times, April 9, 1927
  26. ^ "Countess's Victim Leaves", New York Times, 19 April 1927
  27. ^ "Lazare Day", Time, August 22, 1932
  28. ^ Barrow, Andrew. Gossip: A History of High Society from 1920 to 1970. New York: Coward, McCann & Geoghegan, 1979, p. 33
  29. ^ "Countess de Janze is Temporarily Freed", The New York Times, May 20, 1927
  30. ^ The Best Jail Cell in Paris
  31. ^ "De Janzes Divorced by Paris Tribunal", New York Times, June 16, 1927
  32. ^ "Americans Win Paris Divorces", Los Angeles Times, June 16, 1927
  33. ^ "Milestone" Time, August 6, 1928
  34. ^ "Com. F. Janze, Sportsman, Dead", The New York Times, December 25, 1933
  35. ^ "Will Try Countess Today", The New York Times, December 23, 1927
  36. ^ "Alice de Janze Kept from Cell by Man She Shot", Chicago Daily Tribune, 24 December 1927
  37. ^ The Best Jail Cell in Paris
  38. ^ "Chicago Countess Who Shot Lover and Herself Gets Off With a 4$ in French Court", The New York Times, December 24, 1927
  39. ^ Gossip: A History of High Society from 1920 to 1970, p. 33
  40. ^ "Frees Countess de Janze", The New York Times, April 14, 1929
  41. ^ "American Countess is Pardoned in Shooting", The Lima News, April 13, 1929
  42. ^ White Mischief, p. 47
  43. ^ "Shot Wins Hubby", The Charleston Gazette, September 15, 1927
  44. ^ "Alice de Janze May Wed Briton Whom She Shot", Chicago Daily Tribune, January 29, 1928
  45. ^ "Lawyer Denies Alice de Janze Plans to Marry", Chicago Daily Tribune, January 30, 1928
  46. ^ Syracuse Herald, April 7, 1930
  47. ^ "Asks Paris Divorce from de Trafford", The New York Times, November 19, 1932
  48. ^ "Divorces de Trafford", The New York Times, October 26, 1937
  49. ^ "She Loved Him, Shot Him, Married Him, Divorced Him", The Oakland Tribune, December 12, 1937
  50. ^ "Legacy of Kenya's Happy Valley", Guardian Abroad, August 17, 2007
  51. ^ White Mischief, p. 44
  52. ^ White Mischief, p. 159
  53. ^ The News Blog, "Attitude Sickness"
  54. ^ White Mischief, p. 98
  55. ^ Evans, Collins. A Question of Evidence: The Casebook of Great Forensic Controversies, from Napoleon to O.J., p. 88. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc, 2003. ISBN 978-0-471-46268-2
  56. ^ "An Ex-Countess Shot Found Dead", The New York Times, October 1, 1941
  57. ^ "Suicide Verdict Returned", The New York Times, January 22, 1942
  58. ^ "Legacy of Kenya's Happy Valley", Guardian Abroad, August 17, 2007
  59. ^ "At the Movies: Appointment at Cannes", The New York Times, April 29, 1988
  60. ^ Bruccoli, Joseph Matthew & Baughman, Judith S. Reader's Companion to F. Scott Fitzgerald's Tender Is the Night. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1997. ISBN 1570030782
  61. ^ Maitland-Lewis, Stephen. Hero on Three Continents. Xlibris Corporation, 2004, p. 210
  62. ^ "Nolwen de Janze Clark, Fashion Designer, 65", The New York Times, March 9, 1989

[edit] External links